The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of dietary restriction? Additional objective behavioral and biological data suggest not
Open accessAbstract
Prospective studies find that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores are at increased risk for bulimic symptom onset, yet experiments find that assignment to energy-deficit diet interventions reduce bulimic symptoms. One explanation for the conflicting findings is that the dietary restraint scales used in the former studies do not actually identify individuals who are restraining their caloric intake. Thus, we tested whether dietary restraint scales showed inverse relations to objectively measured caloric intake in three studies. Four dietary restraint scales did not correlate with doubly labeled water estimates of caloric intake over a 2-week period (M, r=.01). One scale showed a significant inverse correlation with objectively measured caloric intake during a regular meal ordered from an ecologically valid menu (M, r=-.30), but a significant positive relation that was qualified by a significant quadratic effect, to objectively measured caloric intake during multiple eating episodes in the lab (M, r=.32). In balance, results suggest that dietary restraint scales are not valid measures of dietary restriction, replicating findings from prior studies that examined objective measures of caloric intake.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“some individuals may engage in true caloric restriction, which does increase risk for binge eating (Stice et al., 2010).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism
Weir, J. B. D. V. (1949) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004363 · Cited by 5,688
The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger
Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 · Cited by 4,687
Binge eating: nature, assessment, and treatment
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-4640 · Cited by 1,801
Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.40.2.193 · Cited by 1,539
Restrained and unrestrained eating1
Herman, C. P., & Mack, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x · Cited by 1,295
Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.40.2.193 · Cited by 1,279
Stice, E. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124 · Cited by 1,251 · cited 2×
“, 2006; Stice, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1998; Stice, Davis, Miller, & Marti, 2008) and increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
Self-citationDiscrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects
Lichtman, S. W., Pisarska, K., Berman, E. R., Pestone, M., Dowling, H., Offenbacher, E., Weisel, H., Heshka, S., Matthews, D. E., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199212313272701 · Cited by 964
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Guo, J., Story, M., Haines, J., & Eisenberg, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.003 · Cited by 939
Stice, E., Spoor, S., Bohon, C., Veldhuizen, M. G., & Small, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013600 · Cited by 779
Self-citationEating disorders and obesity : a comprehensive handbook
Brownell, K. D., & Fairburn, C. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 766
Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in humans and proposed calculation
Schoeller, D. A., Ravussin, É., Schutz, Y., Acheson, K. J., Baertschi, P., & Jéquier, E. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.5.r823 · Cited by 683
Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment
Hanson, K., & Pasulka, P. S. (1994) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/014860719401800419 · Cited by 656
Weight concerns influence the development of eating disorders: A 4-year prospective study.
Killen, J. D., Taylor, C. B., Hayward, C., Haydel, K. F., Wilson, D. M., Hammer, L., Kraemer, H., Blair-Greiner, A., & Strachowski, D. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.936 · Cited by 641 · cited 2×
“009 and bulimic pathology (Killen et al., 1996; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006; Stice, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1998; Stice, Davis, Miller, & Marti, 2008) and increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
Weight concerns influence the development of eating disorders: A 4-year prospective study.
Killen, J. D., Taylor, C. B., Hayward, C., Haydel, K. F., Wilson, D. M., Hammer, L., Kraemer, H., Blair-Greiner, A., & Strachowski, D. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.936 · Cited by 641
Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis.
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.119 · Cited by 638
The Eating Disorder Examination (12th edition).
Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (1993) · Cited by 638
Validity of reported energy intake in obese and nonobese adolescents
Bandini, L., Schoeller, D., Cyr, H., & Dietz, W. (1990) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.3.421 · Cited by 637
Obesity: Responding to the global epidemic.
Wadden, T. A., Brownell, K. D., & Foster, G. D. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.3.510 · Cited by 615
High levels of energy expenditure in obese women.
Prentice, A., BLACK, A. E., Coward, W. A., Davies, H. L., Goldberg, G. R., Murgatroyd, P. R., Ashford, J., Sawyer, M. B., & Whitehead, R. G. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6526.983 · Cited by 590
Eating Disorders and Obesity—a Comprehensive Handbook
Levine, A. S. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1343 · Cited by 588
Stice, E. M., Marti, C. N., Spoor, S. T. P., Presnell, K. E., & Shaw, H. E. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.329 · Cited by 539
Self-citationThe Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Clark, D. M., Fairburn, C. G., & Jones, J. V. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.11.2.141 · Cited by 447
Evaluating the Impact of Menu Labeling on Food Choices and Intake
Roberto, C. A., Larsen, P. D., Agnew, H., Baik, J., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.160226 · Cited by 409
Self-citationBlack, A., Prentice, A. M., & Coward, W. A. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 389
Stice, E., Fisher, M., & Lowe, M. R. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51 · Cited by 364
Overweight children overeat after exposure to food cues
Jansen, A. T. M., Theunissen, N. C. M., Slechten, K., Nederkoorn, C., Boon, B. J. F., Mulkens, S., & Roefs, A. (2003) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(03)00011-4 · Cited by 336
Psychosocial predictors of energy underreporting in a large doubly labeled water study
Tooze, J. A., Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Troiano, R. P., Schatzkin, A. G., & Kipnis, V. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.795 · Cited by 335
Relative dilution spaces of 2H- and 18O-labeled water in humans
Racette, S. B., Schoeller, D. A., Luke, A. H., Shay, K., Hnilicka, J. M., & Kushner, R. F. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.4.e585 · Cited by 316
Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy
Williams, R. M. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10026-2 · Cited by 303
Eating Motives and the Controversy over Dieting: Eating Less Than Needed versus Less Than Wanted
Lowe, M. R., & Levine, A. S. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.90 · Cited by 293
Age of onset for binge eating and purging during late adolescence: A 4-year survival analysis.
Stice, E. M., Killen, J. D., Hayward, C., & Taylor, C. B. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.4.671 · Cited by 271
Self-citationEffects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food
Epstein, L. H., Truesdale, R., Wojcik, A., Paluch, R. A., & Raynor, H. A. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00978-2 · Cited by 267
Bacon, L., Keim, N., Loan, M. D. V., Derricote, M., Gale, B., Kazaks, A., & Stern, J. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802012 · Cited by 246
The Psychosocial and Behavioral Characteristics Related to Energy Misreporting
Maurer, J., Taren, D. L., Teixeira, P. J., Thomson, C. A., Lohman, T. G., Going, S. B., & Houtkooper, L. B. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00188.x · Cited by 244
Wertheim, E. H., Koerner, J., & Paxton, S. J. (2001) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1005224921891 · Cited by 233
External cues in the control of food intake in humans: The sensory-normative distinction
Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.014 · Cited by 223
Fasting increases risk for onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology: A 5-year prospective study.
Stice, E. M., Davis, K. R., Miller, N. P., & Marti, C. N. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013644 · Cited by 216
Self-citationThe Psychosocial and Behavioral Characteristics Related to Energy Misreporting
Maurer, J., TAREN, D. L., Teixeira, P. J., et al. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2006.feb.53-66 · Cited by 203
Hagan, M. M., Chandler-Laney, P. C., Wauford, P. K., Rybak, R. J., & Oswald, K. D. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10168 · Cited by 202
Internal and external components of emotionality in restrained and unrestrained eaters.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Warsh, S. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.5.497 · Cited by 202
Stice, E. M., Cooper, J. A., Schoeller, D. A., Tappe, K. A., & Lowe, M. R. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.449 · Cited by 201
Self-citationAge of onset for binge eating and purging during late adolescence: A 4-year survival analysis.
Stice, E., Killen, J. D., Hayward, C., et al. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.4.671 · Cited by 201
Self-citationTendency toward overeating and restraint as predictors of food consumption
Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00006-0 · Cited by 180
Bathalon, G. P., Tucker, K. L., Hays, N. P., Vinken, A. G., Greenberg, A. S., McCrory, M. A., & Roberts, S. B. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.3.739 · Cited by 177
Klesges, R. C., Isbell, T. R., & Klesges, L. M. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.4.668 · Cited by 174
Measurement of dietary restraint: Validity tests of four questionnaires
Williamson, D. A., Martin, C. K., York‐Crowe, E., Anton, S. D., Redman, L. M., Han, H., & Ravussin, É. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.066 · Cited by 165
The relative-reinforcing value of food under differing levels of food deprivation and restriction
Raynor, H. A., & Epstein, L. H. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(02)00161-7 · Cited by 164
The prevention of eating problems and eating disorders: theory, research, and practice
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-3419 · Cited by 157
Nondieting versus dieting treatment for overweight binge-eating women.
Goodrick, G. K., Carlos, I. P. W. S., Kimball, K. T., Reeves, R. S., & Foreyt, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.2.363 · Cited by 156
A controlled evaluation of an elementary school primary prevention program for eating problems
Smolak, L., Levine, M. P., & Schermer, F. (1998) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00259-6 · Cited by 155
Binge Size Increases with Body Mass Index in Women with Binge‐Eating Disorder
Guss, J. L., Kissileff, H. R., Devlin, M. J., Zimmerli, E. J., & Walsh, B. T. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.139 · Cited by 150
Internal and external components of emotionality in restrained and unrestrained eaters.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Warsh, S. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.87.5.497 · Cited by 149
Body Fat Content Influences the Body Composition Response to Nutrition and Exercise
Forbes, G. B. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06482.x · Cited by 147
Presnell, K. E., & Stice, E. M. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.166 · Cited by 145
Self-citationUndieting: A program to help people stop dieting
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1992) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199204)11:3 · Cited by 137
Wardle, J., & Beales, S. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90044-1 · Cited by 136
Nondieting versus dieting treatment for overweight binge-eating women.
Goodrick, G. K., Poston, W. S. C., Kimball, K. T., et al. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.2.363 · Cited by 119
Food hedonics and reinforcement as determinants of laboratory food intake in smokers
EPSTEIN, L., WRIGHT, S., PALUCH, R., LEDDY, J., HAWK, L., JARONI, J., SAAD, F., CRYSTALMANSOUR, S., & LERMAN, C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.015 · Cited by 116
Butryn, M. L., Lowe, M. R., Safer, D. L., & Agras, W. S. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.62 · Cited by 109
Eating behavior among women with anorexia nervosa
Sysko, R., Walsh, B. T., Schebendach, J., & Wilson, G. T. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.2.296 · Cited by 107
Self-citationEvaluation of a healthy-weight treatment program for bulimia nervosa: A preliminary randomized trial
Burton, E. M., & Stice, E. M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.008 · Cited by 101
Self-citationEffects of repeat consumption on pleasantness, preference and intake
Hetherington, M. M., Bell, A., & Rolls, B. J. (2000) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/00070700010336517 · Cited by 99
Satiety and test meal intake among women with binge eating disorder
Sysko, R., Devlin, M. J., Walsh, B. T., Zimmerli, E. J., & Kissileff, H. R. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20384 · Cited by 95
Self-citationFood intake and physical activity: A comparison of three measures of dieting
French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., & Wing, R. R. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90063-9 · Cited by 93
Differences in food-choice frequencies between restrained and unrestrained eaters
Tuschl, R. J., Laessle, R. G., Platte, P., & Pirke, K. (1990) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90050-i · Cited by 85
Wertheim, E. H. (2006) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200600690446 · Cited by 83
The effects of short-term food deprivation on caloric intake in eating-disordered subjects.
Telch, C. F., & Agras, W. (1996) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1996.0017 · Cited by 76
Consistency of food intake over four eating sessions in the laboratory
Martin, C. K., Williamson, D. A., Geiselman, P. J., Walden, H. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Morales, S., & Redmann, S. M. (2005) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.03.002 · Cited by 68
Nutrient Intake of Obese Female Binge Eaters
Reeves, R. S., McPherson, R. S., Nichaman, M. Z., Harrist, R. B., Foreyt, J. P., & Goodrick, G. K. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00055-4 · Cited by 62
Dieting, Perceived Deprivation, and Preoccupation with Food
Timmerman, G. M., & Gregg, E. (2003) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945903025004006 · Cited by 61
Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2005) · Cited by 58
Prevalence of pathogenic weight-control behaviors among native American women and girls
Rosen, L. W., Shafer, C. L., Dummer, G. M., Cross, L. K., Deuman, G. W., & Malmberg, S. R. (1988) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198811)7:6 · Cited by 55
Liu, L. L. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.6.660 · Cited by 48
Sensory properties of a nonabsorbable fat substitute did not affect regulation of energy intake
Rolls, B., Castellanos, V., Shide, D. J., Miller, D., Pelkman, C., Thorwart, M., & Peters, J. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1375 · Cited by 43
How restrained eaters perceive the amount they eat
Jansen, A. T. M. (1996) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01192.x · Cited by 41
Deprivation alters rats' flavor preferences for carbohydrates and fats
Sclafani, A. J., & Ackroff, K. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90364-l · Cited by 38
Groesz, L. M., & Stice, E. M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.010 · Cited by 34
Self-citationExpectancies, dietary restraint, and test meal intake among undergraduate women
Sysko, R., Timothy Walsh, B., & Terence Wilson, G. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.11.002 · Cited by 27
Self-citationFood Deprivation Increases the Rat's Preference for a Fatty Flavor Over a Sweet Taste
Lucas, F., & Sclafani, A. J. (1996) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/21.2.169 · Cited by 27
Presnell, K. E., Stice, E. M., & Tristan, J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.002 · Cited by 23
Self-citationA re-examination of body image distortion: Evidence against a sensory explanation
Szymanski, L. A., & Seime, R. J. (1997) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199703)21:2 · Cited by 17
Health promotion and the prevention of dieting-induced disorders
Huon, G. F. (1996) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269608250073 · Cited by 16
Chronic food restriction and reduced dietary fat: risk factors for bouts of overeating
OGAWA, R., STRADER, A., CLEGG, D., SAKAI, R., SEELEY, R., & WOODS, S. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.028 · Cited by 15
Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Strober (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199712)22:4
Stewart (2001) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200103)29:2
van Strien (1986) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198605)5:4
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review
Boswell, R. G., & Kober, H. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12354 · Cited by 703
Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Durant, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.009 · Cited by 611
Self-citation(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 538
What is eating you? Stress and the drive to eat
Groesz, L. M., McCoy, S. K., Carl, J. R., Saslow, L. R., Stewart, J. A., Adler, N., Laraia, B. A., & Epel, E. S. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.028 · Cited by 393
Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior
Johnson, F., Pratt, M., & Wardle, J. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.156 · Cited by 345
Metadata
- Authors
- Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stice, Eric
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 331-339
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2830309
- OpenAlex
- W2076421689
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Rudd Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042206, MH-42206, T32MH015144)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072932, DK72932)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- dietary restraint, scale validity, energy intake, energy deficit diet, bulimic symptoms, doubly labeled water, dietary habits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bulimia Nervosa, Young Adult, Binge-Eating Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
