Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review

Boswell, Rebecca G.; Kober, Hedy

doi:10.1111/obr.12354

Cited by 703Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review

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Boswell, Rebecca G., Kober, Hedy·2016·Obesity Reviews

DOI 10.1111/obr.12354PMC PMC6042864

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Abstract

Summary: According to learning‐based models of behavior, food cue reactivity and craving are conditioned responses that lead to increased eating and subsequent weight gain. However, evidence supporting this relationship has been mixed. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis to assess the predictive effects of food cue reactivity and craving on eating and weight‐related outcomes. Across 69 reported statistics from 45 published reports representing 3,292 participants, we found an overall medium effect of food cue reactivity and craving on outcomes (r = 0.33, p < 0.001; approximately 11% of variance), suggesting that cue exposure and the experience of craving significantly influence and contribute to eating behavior and weight gain. Follow‐up tests revealed a medium effect size for the effect of both tonic and cue‐induced craving on eating behavior (r = 0.33). We did not find significant differences in effect sizes based on body mass index, age, or dietary restraint. However, we did find that visual food cues (e.g. pictures and videos) were associated with a similar effect size to real food exposure and a stronger effect size than olfactory cues. Overall, the present findings suggest that food cue reactivity, cue‐induced craving and tonic craving systematically and prospectively predict food‐related outcomes. These results have theoretical, methodological, public health and clinical implications.

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Emotion regulation and coping skills are constant influencers; cognitive reappraisal can help manage neural reactivity to food cues and self-reported cravings for energy-dense foods.
“We also considered skills related to emotion regulation and coping as constant influencers, since previous research has shown that employing strategies such as cognitive reappraisal can help manage neural reactivity to food cues and self-reported cravings for energy-dense foods [50].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
Increased food cue reactivity is associated over time with weight gain or regain, disordered eating behaviors and eating disorders, and loss of quality of life.
“increased food cue reactivity is associated, over time, with important health-related outcomes, including weight gain or regain [50,65,76], disordered eating behaviors and eating disorders [77,78,79], and, consequently, loss of quality of life [45,80].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [50]

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[85]Polivy J Herman CP Eating in response to exernal cues Gill T Managing and Preventing Obesity: Behavioral Factors and Dietary Interventions Elsevier Cambridge, UK 2014
[226]Wang GJ Volkow ND Telang F Evidence of gender differences in the ability to inhibit brain activation elicited by food stimulation Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009 106 1249 1254 19164587 PMC2633545

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Authors: Boswell, R. G., & Kober, H.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven CT USA
ORCID: Boswell, Rebecca G.
Venue: Obesity Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2015-12-08
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 159-177
ISSN: 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
1467-789X
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12354
PMC: PMC6042864
OpenAlex: W2192006161
Cited by: 703
References: 233
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 5.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA009241, K12 DA00167, P50-DA-0-9241, K12DA000167)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: food cue reactivity, food cravings, cue-induced craving, dietary habits, weight gain, visual food cues, olfactory cues, dietary restraint, body mass index
MeSH terms: Bulimia, Cues, Feeding Behavior, Food, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Obesity, Weight Gain, Behavior, Addictive, Evidence-Based Practice, Craving

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Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review

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