Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of acute dietary restriction? Unobtrusive observational data suggest not

Stice, Eric; Fisher, Melissa; Lowe, Michael R.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51

Cited by 365Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of acute dietary restriction? Unobtrusive observational data suggest not

Stice, Eric, Fisher, Melissa, Lowe, Michael R.·2004·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51

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Abstract

The finding that dietary restraint scales predict onset of bulimic pathology has been interpreted as suggesting that dieting causes this eating disturbance, despite the dearth of evidence that these scales are valid measures of dietary restriction. The authors conducted 4 studies that tested whether dietary restraint scales were inversely correlated with unobtrusively measured caloric intake. These studies, which varied in foods consumed, settings, and populations, indicated that common dietary restraint scales were largely uncorrelated with acute caloric intake. Results suggest that these scales are not valid measures of short-term dietary restriction and imply that it may be prudent to reinterpret findings from studies thai use these scales, including those that suggest dietary restraint is a risk factor for bulimic pathology.

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The Dutch Restrained Eating Scale correlates with self-reported caloric intake but does not correlate with objectively measured caloric intake.
“Although this scale correlates with self-reported caloric intake, like all dietary restraint or dieting scales, it does not correlate with objectively measured caloric intake (e.g., Ouwens et al., 2003; Stice, et al., 2004).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice, et al., 2004
The Dutch Restrained Eating Scale has shown internal consistency (α's range from .93 to .95) and temporal reliability (2-week test-retest r = .82).
“This scale has shown internal consistency (α’s range from .93 to .95) and temporal reliability (2-week test-retest r = .82; Stice, et al., 2004; van Strien et al., 1986).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice, et al., 2004
The present findings may explain why people who attempt to diet do not typically succeed per objective measures of caloric intake.
“The present findings may also explain why people who attempt to diet do not typically succeed per objective measures of caloric intake (e.g., Hetherington et al., 2000; Stice et al., 2004; Sysko et al., 2007).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice et al., 2004

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Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of moderate- to long-term dietary restriction? Objective biological and behavioral data suggest not.
Stice, E. M., Cooper, J. A., Schoeller, D. A., Tappe, K. A., & Lowe, M. R. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.449 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of dietary restriction? Additional objective behavioral and biological data suggest not
Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.009 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of longer-term dietary restriction? Objective biological and behavioral data suggest not.
Stice, E. M., Cooper, J. A., Schoeller, D. A., Tappe, K. A., & Lowe, M. R. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.196
The validity of Dietary Restraint Scales: Comment on Stice et al. (2004).
van Strien, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., van Staveren, W., & Herman, C. P. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.89 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Relation of dietary restraint to bulimic symptomatology: The effects of the criterion confounding of the Restraint Scale
Stice, E. M., Ozer, S., & Kees, M. R. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00077-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Authors: Stice, E., Fisher, M., & Lowe, M. R.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Stice, Eric
Lowe, Michael R.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-59
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51
OpenAlex: W2147837561
Cited by: 364
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 18.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh050271-03)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01708, MH064560, MH 50271, K01MH001708, R01MH064560)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: dietary restriction, energy intake, scale validity, bulimia nervosa, dieting, eating disorders, unobtrusive measurement
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Bulimia, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Social Environment, Students, Reproducibility of Results

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Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of acute dietary restriction? Unobtrusive observational data suggest not

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