A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: mediating effects of dieting and negative affect

Stice, Eric

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124

Cited by 1,251Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorBody Image and Dysmorphia Studies

A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: mediating effects of dieting and negative affect

Stice, Eric·2001·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124

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Abstract

Because there have been few longitudinal investigations of integrative etiological theories of bulimia nervosa, this study prospectively tested the dual-pathway model using random regression growth curve models and data from a 3-wave community sample of adolescent girls (N = 231). Initial pressure to be thin and thin-ideal internalization predicted subsequent growth in body dissatisfaction, initial body dissatisfaction predicted growth in dieting and negative affect, and initial dieting and negative affect predicted growth in bulimic symptoms. There was prospective evidence for most of the hypothesized mediational effects. Results are consistent with the assertion that pressure to be thin, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and negative affect are risk factors for bulimic pathology and provide support for the dual-pathway model.

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Increases in dietary restraint scores are associated with increases in bulimic symptoms.
“increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice, 2001

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Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff‐Dunn, S. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10312-011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effect of pregnancy on bulimia
Ramchandani, D., & Whedon, B. (1988) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198811)7:6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Untitled work
Black (1996) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199607)20:1
Untitled work
Luce (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199904)25:3
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van Strien (1986) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198605)5:4

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review.
Stice, E. M. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825 · Cited by 2,531 · see citing works
“Moreover, a technique for prospectively testing all linkages in a mediational model evaluated this account with data from the third study (Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology
Stice, E. M., & Shaw, H. E. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00488-9 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
“Second, elevations in dieting have been found to predict subsequent increases in bulimic symptoms [27] and eating pathology [8], onset of bulimic symptoms [51,52,54,55], and onset of threshold and subthreshold eating disorders [62,63].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology
Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. M. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00144 · Cited by 1,407 · see citing works
“These two paper-and-pencil questionnaires and their revisions have received extensive examination, with adult and child-adolescent samples, and have demonstrated strong internal consistencies, testretest reliabilities, predictive validity, and convergent validity (i.e., they correlate significantly with other measures…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Causes of eating disorders
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Development and validation
Thompson, J. K., van den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, Á. S., & Heinberg, L. J. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10257 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Does Body Satisfaction Matter? Five-year Longitudinal Associations between Body Satisfaction and Health Behaviors in Adolescent Females and Males
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Paxton, S. J., Hannan, P. J., Haines, J., & Story, M. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.001 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
“redictors of eating disorders and related disordered eating ehaviors [7–9].”
Background
Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Guo, J., Story, M., Haines, J., & Eisenberg, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.003 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: an historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions
Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010) · Advances in Motivation and Achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016a007 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
“Accordingly, researchers in the past few years have invested an enormous amount of effort in attempts to define, measure, and evaluate formative influences that may lead to the onset of such disturbances (Shisslak & Crago, 2001; Stice, 2001; Stice & Hoffman, 2004; Wertheim, Paxton, & Blaney, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Emotion regulation in children and adolescents.
ZEMAN, J., CASSANO, M., PERRY-PARRISH, C., & STEGALL, S. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604000-00014 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Body Dissatisfaction Prospectively Predicts Depressive Mood and Low Self-Esteem in Adolescent Girls and Boys
Paxton, S. J., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3504_5 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
“…addition, the negative impact of body dissatisfaction has been demonstrated in longitudinal studies in which it has been identified as a reliable predictor of the increases in use of dieting and disordered eating symptoms and clinical eating disorders (e.g., Killen et al., 1996; Stice, 2001, 2002).”
Background
Revisiting the affect regulation model of binge eating: a meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment.
Haedt-Matt, A. A., & Keel, P. K. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023660 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
“…affect regulation has gained considerable influence for understanding the function of binge eating (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Stice, 2001; Wedig & Nock, 2010), and this model has contributed to a focus on both affective antecedents and consequences in the…”
Background
Psychological treatment of eating disorders.
Wilson, G. T., Grilo, C. M., & Vitousek, K. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.199 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis.
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.119 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
“The dual pathway model of bulimic pathology (Stice, 2001; Stice, Akutagawa, Gaggar, & Agras, 2000) postulates two alternative pathways from body dissatisfaction to binge eating mediated by dieting and negative affect respectively.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Weight-Inclusive versus Weight-Normative Approach to Health: Evaluating the Evidence for Prioritizing Well-Being over Weight Loss
Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., Daníelsdóttir, S., Shuman, E. S., Davis, C., & Calogero, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/983495 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
“eating disorders for women [74, 85–88], and potentially harmful muscle-enhancing and disordered eating behaviors for men [89].”
Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study
Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Durant, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.009 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“, 2005; McKnight, 2003) and no prospective studies have used analytic procedures that can identify interactions between risk factors that may reflect qualitatively distinct risk pathways, which is important because certain etiologic theories posit that there are multiple risk pathways to the development of eating diso…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolescents
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Haines, J., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., & van den Berg, P. A. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.031 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance
van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K., Obremski, K. M., & Coovert, M. D. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00499-3 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
“Stice and colleagues have conducted a great deal of work on their dual pathway model of the development of bulimia, finding strong support for the role of negative affect in the development of bulimia [37,39,40], and for the role of depression and negative affect in binge eating [41,42].”
The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys
Bearman, S. K., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
“82), convergent validity (with self-reported caloric intake), and predictive validity for future increases in bulimic symptoms (Stice, 2001; van Strein, Frijters, Bergers, & Defares, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Risk factors that predict future onset of each DSM-5 eating disorder: Predictive specificity in high-risk adolescent females
Stice, E., Gau, J. M., Rohde, P., & Shaw, H. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000219 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
“We investigated a range of factors that have been theorized to increase risk for eating disorders in several univariate and multivariate etiologic models (e.g., Hohlstein, Smith, & Atlas, 1998; Lavender et al., 2016; McCarthy, 1990; Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
A Meta-Analytic Review of Eating Disorder Prevention Programs: Encouraging Findings
Stice, E., Shaw, H., & Marti, C. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091447 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citation
Body Image among Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study
Carlson Jones, D. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.823 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI).
Forbush, K. T., Wildes, J. E., Pollack, L. O., Dunbar, D., Luo, J., Patterson, K., Petruzzi, L. J., Pollpeter, M. J., Miller, H. L., Stone, A. M., et al. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0032639 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
A Biopsychosocial Model of Disordered Eating and the Pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys.
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.179 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Psychological and Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity Onset in Adolescent Girls: A Prospective Study.
Stice, E. M., Presnell, K. E., Shaw, H. E., & Rohde, P. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.2.195 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
“, 1999) and weight gain (Field et al., 2003; Stice, 2001)—an effect that has also occurred in prospective studies of adults (French et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis.
Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M. Τ., & Thompson, J. K. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi053 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22449 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale: Additional Evidence of Reliability and Validity.
Stice, E. M., Fisher, M. E., & Martinez, E. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.60 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“90), and predictive validity in adolescent samples (Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders: a marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology?
Svaldi, J., Griepenstroh, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Ehring, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“…a reliable antecedent of binge eating in binge eating disorder (BED; Wegner et al., 2002; Chua et al., 2004; Hilbert et al., 2007; Stein et al., 2007) and binge/purging behavior in bulimia nervosa (BN; Stice, 2001; Waters et al., 2001; Smyth et al., 2007; Crosby et al., 2009; Smyth et al., 2009).”
“Everybody Knows That Mass Media are/are not [ <i>pick one</i> ] a Cause of Eating Disorders”: A Critical Review of Evidence for a Causal Link Between Media, Negative Body Image, and Disordered Eating in Females
Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.9 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“These factors were also concurrently associated with body dissatisfaction, which in turn predicted increases in dieting and negative affect (Stice, 2001; Stice & Whitenton, 2002; but see Bearman, Presnell, Martinez, & Stice, 2006).”
Background
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories of Eating Disorders
Williamson, D. A., White, M. A., York‐Crowe, E., & Stewart, T. M. (2004) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503259853 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“The findings of many studies have supported the hypothesis that dieting and negative affect are common precursors of binge eating (Stice, 2001); the results of some of these studies are described next.”
BackgroundResult
Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population
Scott, K. M., McGee, M. A., Wells, J. E., & Oakley Browne, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.006 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Difficulties regulating emotions: do binge eaters have fewer strategies to modulate and tolerate negative affect?
Whiteside, U., Chen, E., Neighbors, C., Hunter, D., Lo, T., & Larimer, M. (2007) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.04.001 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“…assimilation of affect and dietary restraint models (McManus & Waller, 1995; Meyer et al., 1998), and subsequent models have been integrated to include both dietary restraint and affect or emotion regulation-based models (Stice, 2001; Stice & Agras, 1999; Stice et al., 2001; Waters et al., 2001).”
Background
Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: Implications for prevention efforts
Rohde, P., Stice, E., & Marti, C. N. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22270 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“80 at T1), convergent validity with other measures of negative affect(25) and predictive validity for future increases in bulimic symptoms.(11)”
Self-citation
Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature
Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. A. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.003 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
“These included the tripartite influence model (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999), dual pathway model (Stice, 2001), objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), and variables related to CFT and ACT.”
Method
Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: a consideration of shared risk factors
Haines, J., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2006) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyl094 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“The second hypothesized mechanism is that body dissatisfaction contributes to negative affect (anxiety or depression), which, in turn, is thought to increase the risk of binge eating and the use of radical compensatory behaviors, such as purging behavior [49].”
BackgroundInfluential
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of acute dietary restriction? Unobtrusive observational data suggest not
Stice, E., Fisher, M., & Lowe, M. R. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.51 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“The finding that people with high scores on these scales gain more weight over time than people with low scores (French, Jeffery, Forster, et al., 1994; Klesges, Isbell, & Klesges, 1992; Klesges, Klem, & Bene, 1989; Stice, 2001; Stice, Cameron, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1999) provides suggestive evidence that these s…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls
Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Bearman, S. K. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.608 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citation
Risk Factors for the Onset of Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls: Results of the McKnight Longitudinal Risk Factor Study
The McKnight Investigators (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.160.2.248 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior
Johnson, F., Pratt, M., & Wardle, J. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.156 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence
Dohnt, H., & Tiggemann, M. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“142 Dohnt and Tiggemann well-documented (e.g., Stice, 2001 ).”
Adolescent Body Image and Psychosocial Functioning
Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.1.15-30 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Key words: body image, developmental issues, peer relations, physical attractiveness, psychological adjustment BODY DISSATISFACTION—researchers have consistently demonstrated its impact on dysfunctional eating behaviors, focusing especially on adolescent girls and young women (e.g., Stice, 2001).”
Background
Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise
Homan, K. J. (2010) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.004 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“For example, body dissatisfaction predicted increased rates of dieting (Shroff & Thompson, 2006; Stice, 2001; Stice, Mazotti, Krebs, & Martin, 1998) and onset of disordered eating (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice & Agras, 1998).”
Background
Eating Motives and the Controversy over Dieting: Eating Less Than Needed versus Less Than Wanted
Lowe, M. R., & Levine, A. S. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.90 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study.
Paxton, S. J., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.888 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
“Notably, thin-ideal internalization and dysfunctional beliefs about appearance have also been found to be proximal predictors of increases in body dissatisfaction (Spangler, 2002; Stice, 2001; Stice & Whitenton, 2002).”
Background
Mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Godfrey, K. M., Gallo, L. C., & Afari, N. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9610-5 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based treatments can be conceptualized with the dual pathway model (Stice, 2001; Van Strien et al., 2005).”
Background
On Construct Validity: Issues of Method and Measurement.
Smith, G. T. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.396 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“Tests of mediation that evaluate the putative cause, changes in the putative mediator, and changes in the putative consequence at three different sequential time points (e.g., Stice, 2001) are informative because they have taken on and ruled out some potential criticisms.”
Background
Exploring the link between self-compassion and body image in university women
Wasylkiw, L., MacKinnon, A., & MacLellan, A. M. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.007 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
A prospective study of pressures from parents, peers, and the media on extreme weight change behaviors among adolescent boys and girls
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.004 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of “fat talk”
Stice, E. M., Maxfield, J., & Wells, T. T. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10171 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citation
Body appreciation and its psychological correlates: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Linardon, J., McClure, Z., Tylka, T. L., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.003 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: Mediating role of self-esteem and depression
Brechan, I., & Kvalem, I. L. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“…emotions have been identified as a mediator in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms (Heywood & McCabe, 2006; Ricciardelli & McCabe, 2001; Stice, 2001), but the concept of negative emotions has been operationalized as a composite of different types of negative emotions.”
Background
Predictors of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in middle-aged women
Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.002 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-Objectification and Its Psychological Outcomes for College Women
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Saris-Baglama, R. N. (2002) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00076 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“Studies have consistently found that depression is a significant risk factor in the development of disordered eating (Pook, Conti, & Lester, 1996; Stice, 2001; Stice, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1998).”
Background
Food Insecurity and Eating Disorders: a Review of Emerging Evidence
Hazzard, V. M., Loth, K. A., Hooper, L., & Becker, C. B. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01200-0 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Body Image and Eating Disturbances Across Ethnic Groups: More Similarities Than Differences.
Shaw, H. E., Ramirez, L., Trost, A., Randall, P., & Stice, E. M. (2004) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.18.1.12 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citation
The developmental effects of media-ideal internalization and self-objectification processes on adolescents’ negative body-feelings, dietary restraint, and binge eating
Dakanalis, A., Carrà, G., Calogero, R., Fida, R., Clerici, M., Zanetti, M. A., & Riva, G. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0649-1 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“In line with prior research [33, 50] we reported the more conservative analysis without the inclusion of 36 cases to avoid over-estimation (even minor) of structural parameters and ensure that we conducted a truly prospective test of our hypothesis [51, 53].”
Mirror exposure for the treatment of body image disturbance
Delinsky, S. S., & Wilson, G. T. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20207 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A Measure of Objectified Body Consciousness for Preadolescent and Adolescent Youth
Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Previous research has documented the development of related constructs, such as self-consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and eating pathologies (Jones, 2004; Rankin, Lane, Gibbons, & Gerrard, 2004; Stice, 2001; Stice & Whitenton, 2002), and those studies inform the OBC literature.”
Background
Weight gain, dietary restraint, and disordered eating in the freshman year of college
Delinsky, S. S., & Wilson, G. T. (2007) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.06.001 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Risk factors and prodromal eating pathology.
Stice, E., Ng, J., & Shaw, H. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02212.x · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Several studies have examined factors that predict future increases in eating disorder symptoms (e.g., Cattarin & Thompson, 1994; Keel, Fulkerson, & Leon, 1997; Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, Keel, & Klump, 1999; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006; Stice, 2001; Vogeltanz-Holm et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Eating disorder prevention: Current evidence‐base and future directions
Stice, E. M., Becker, C. B., & Yokum, S. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22105 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fasting increases risk for onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology: A 5-year prospective study.
Stice, E. M., Davis, K. R., Miller, N. P., & Marti, C. N. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013644 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“…symptom onset (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006; Stice, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1998), increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001), and threshold and subthreshold bulimia nervosa onset (Killen et al., 1996) over 1- to 4-year…”
Self-citation
Future directions for positive body image research
Halliwell, E. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.003 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The Stice model of overeating: Tests in clinical and non-clinical samples
van Strien, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., van Leeuwe, J., & Snoek, H. M. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.08.004 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“There is evidence that body dissatisfaction is associated with dietary restraint (e.g. Stice, 1994, 2001; Tiggeman, 1994; Van Strien, 1989), but the hypothesised link between dietary restraint and binge eating/overeating has met inconsistent support.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Dietary restraint: What’s the harm? A review of the relationship between dietary restraint, weight trajectory and the development of eating pathology
Schaumberg, K., Anderson, D. A., Anderson, L. M., Reilly, E. E., & Gorrell, S. (2016) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12134 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“negative mood), precipitates binge eating, purging and unhealthy weight loss, as periods of energy restriction increase the reinforcing value of food (7,8,11,29).”
BackgroundInfluential
A Review of Interventions that Promote Eating by Internal Cues.
Schaefer, J. T., & Magnuson, A. B. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.024 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Frequency of dieting is also associated with negative psychological attributes such as body dissatisfaction, depression, lower selfesteem,(12,13) and negative effect.(14) Still, more than half of all adolescent girls and more than a quarter of adolescent boys report dieting(7) with dieting reported in girls as young a…”
Background
A systematic review of the existing models of disordered eating: Do they inform the development of effective interventions?
Pennesi, J., & Wade, T. D. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.004 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-concept clarity, thin-ideal internalization, and appearance-related social comparison as predictors of body dissatisfaction
Vartanian, L. R., & Dey, S. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.004 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A risk and maintenance model for bulimia nervosa: From impulsive action to compulsive behavior.
Pearson, C. M., Wonderlich, S. A., & Smith, G. T. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039268 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“In particular, negative self-evaluations in relation to the thin ideal, and hence body dissatisfaction, can result in a momentary experience of negative affect (Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Statistical properties of four effect-size measures for mediation models
Miočević, M., O’Rourke, H. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Brown, H. C. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0870-1 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“…Ilies & Judge, 2003; Ilies & Judge, 2005; Leigh, 1983; MacKinnon, Johnson, Pentz, Dwyer, Hansen, Flay, & Wang, 1991; Sharkansky, King, King, Wolfe, Erickson, & Stokes, 2000; Stice, 2001; Tein, Sandler, Ayers, & Wolchik, 2006; Wolchik, West, Westover, Sandler, Martin, Lustig, Tein, & Fisher, 1993).”
Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials
Watson, H. J., Joyce, T., French, E., Willan, V., Kane, R. T., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., McCormack, J., Dawkins, H., Hoiles, K. J., & Egan, S. J. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22577 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Despite this, a strength of DBI is the theoretical basis of the well-supported dual pathway model.(104) Consequently, future research should examine efficacy of DBI for indicated prevention.”
Background
What does viewing a pro‐anorexia website do? an experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects
Bardone‐Cone, A. M., & Cass, K. M. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20396 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Prospective work on the effects of thin-ideal media exposure have found that perceived pressure to be thin (such as pressure from the media) predicts increases in body dissatisfaction, which in turn predicts increases in eating pathology.(23) A meta-analysis of 25 experimental studies evaluating the immediate impact o…”
Background
Dissonance-based Interventions for the Prevention of Eating Disorders: Using Persuasion Principles to Promote Health
Stice, E. M., Shaw, H. E., Becker, C. B., & Rohde, P. (2008) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0093-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Motivational dynamics of eating regulation: a self-determination theory perspective
Verstuyf, J., Patrick, H., Vansteenkiste, M., & Teixeira, P. J. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-21 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“The dietary restraint hypothesis has been incorporated within the Dual Pathway Theory [6] as one of the pathways toward the development of bulimic symptoms, particularly bingeing.”
Background
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of moderate- to long-term dietary restriction? Objective biological and behavioral data suggest not.
Stice, E. M., Cooper, J. A., Schoeller, D. A., Tappe, K. A., & Lowe, M. R. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.449 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001) than”
Self-citation
A biopsychosocial model for understanding body image and body change strategies among children
Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Holt, K. E., & Finemore, J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(03)00070-4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Women and Suicidal Behavior
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Healthy weight control and dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs: results from a controlled trial
Stice, E., Trost, A., & Chase, A. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10109 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citation
A preliminary controlled evaluation of a school‐based media literacy program and self‐esteem program for reducing eating disorder risk factors
Wade, T. D., Davidson, S., & O’Dea, J. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10136 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint, identified risk factors for bulimic symptoms (Stice, 2001), are present in girls as young as 6 years of age (Lowes & Tiggemann, in press).”
Background
Prospective Relations Between Bulimic Pathology, Depression, and Substance Abuse: Unpacking Comorbidity in Adolescent Girls.
Stice, E. M., Burton, E. M., & Shaw, H. E. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.62 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citation
A systematic review of reviews of neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders: the state-of-the-literature and future directions.
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Johnson, J. S., Lavender, J. M., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22929 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“…and emotion dysregulation have been implicated in the onset and maintenance of ED behaviors across diagnoses (e.g., Lavender et al., 2015; Stice, 2001), and outside of EDs, substantial research has demonstrated that neurocognitive processes are related to emotion in a variety of ways…”
Salience of loss of control for pediatric binge episodes: Does size really matter?
Shomaker, L. B., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Elliott, C. A., Wolkoff, L. E., Columbo, K. M., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Roza, C. A., Yanovski, S. Z., & Yanovski, J. A. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20767 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Boredom proneness and emotion regulation predict emotional eating
Crockett, A., Myhre, S. K., & Rokke, P. D. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315573439 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that negative emotions prompt binge eating episodes (Stice, 2001; Stice et al., 2002) as well as encourage overeating in vulnerable individuals (Van Strien et al., 2005).”
Background
Comparative effects of Facebook and conventional media on body image dissatisfaction
Cohen, R., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-015-0061-3 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Body image dissatisfaction (BID), that is, the negative evaluations of one’s physical body, shape and weight [1], has consistently been implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs) [2–4].”
Background
Peer-facilitated eating disorder prevention: A randomized effectiveness trial of cognitive dissonance and media advocacy.
Becker, C. B., Smith, L. M., & Ciao, A. C. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.550 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“CD prevention of EDs is based on the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa (Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
From efficacy to effectiveness to broad implementation: Evolution of the Body Project.
Becker, C. B., & Stice, E. M. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000204 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“According to the dual pathway model (Stice, 2001), reduced internalization of the thin ideal should decrease body dissatisfaction, unhealthy weight control behaviors, negative affect, and ED symptoms, as well future ED onset.”
Self-citation
Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of dietary restriction? Additional objective behavioral and biological data suggest not
Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.009 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“, 2006; Stice, Killen, Hayward, & Taylor, 1998; Stice, Davis, Miller, & Marti, 2008) and increases in bulimic symptoms (Johnson & Wardle, 2005; Stice, 2001; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 2001).”
Self-citation
Psychometric evaluation of the Body Change Inventory
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2002) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(01)00044-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The effect of viewing ultra-fit images on college women's body dissatisfaction
Homan, K. J., McHugh, E., Wells, D. S., Watson, C., & King, C. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.006 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“For example, thin-ideal internalization prospectively predicted a variety of negative outcomes, including onset of bulimic behavior (Stice & Agras, 1998), dieting (Stice, Mazotti, Krebs, & Martin, 1998), increases in body dissatisfaction (Shroff & Thompson, 2006; Stice, 2001) and compulsive exercise (Homan, 2010).”
Background
Can we reduce eating disorder risk factors in female college athletes? A randomized exploratory investigation of two peer-led interventions
Becker, C. B., McDaniel, L., Bull, S., Powell, M., & McIntyre, K. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“In past studies, this scale has demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability (r = .63) (Stice, 2001; Stice & Agras, 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods
Stice, E., Burger, K., & Yokum, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.028 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citation
Eating disorders and multi‐level models of emotion: An integrated model
Fox, J. R. E., & Power, M. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.626 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“In testing this model, Stice (2001) found that in a sample of 231 high school girls, the model was supported by the data.”
Testing mediators of intervention effects in randomized controlled trials: An evaluation of two eating disorder prevention programs.
Stice, E. M., Presnell, K. E., Gau, J. M., & Shaw, H. E. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.20 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“These results are largely consistent with the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology (Stice, 2001), which posits that thin-ideal internalization occurs early in the causal chain of risk factors in the prediction of bulimic symptoms.”
ResultSelf-citation
Understanding persistence in bulimia nervosa: A 5-year naturalistic study.
Fairburn, C. G., Stice, E. M., Cooper, Z., Doll, H., Norman, P. A., & O'Connor, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.103 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“data (Stice, 2001) and because these analyses provided a prospec-”
Self-citation
Eating Disorders in Sport: From Theory to Research to Intervention
Petrie, T. A., & Greenleaf, C. A. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9781118270011.ch16 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Contribution of Emotion Regulation to Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Early Adolescent Girls
Sim, L. A., & Zeman, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9003-8 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“tion and disordered eating (Heatherton and Baumeiester, 1991; Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Key to Unlocking the Virtual Body: Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Obesity and Eating Disorders
Riva, G. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681100500213 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Link Between Negative Emotions and Eating Disorder Behaviour in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Espeset, E. M. S., Gulliksen, K. S., Nordbø, R. H. S., Skårderud, F., & Holte, A. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2183 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Several studies have found a close association between negative affect and body dissatisfaction (Sim & Zeman, 2006; Stice, 2001).”
Background
Personal, behavioral and socio-environmental predictors of overweight incidence in young adults: 10-yr longitudinal findings
Quick, V., Wall, M. M., Larson, N., Haines, J., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-37 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“, fasting, taking laxatives) may lead to overeating or binge eating and result in weight gain [39].”
Background

Dual Pathway Model of Bulimia Nervosa: Longitudinal Support for Dietary Restraint and Affect-Regulation Mechanisms
Stice, E., Shaw, H. E., & Nemeroff, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1998.17.2.129 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Dual Pathway Model of Bulimia: Replication and Extension with Anorexia
Urvelytė, E., & Perminas, A. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.054 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Narrative Review on the Dual Pathway Model of Bulimic Pathology
Krug, I., Puccio, F., Potingale, J., & Dang, A. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67929-3_48-1
The Stice model of overeating: Tests in clinical and non-clinical samples
van Strien, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., van Leeuwe, J., & Snoek, H. M. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.08.004 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The dual-pathway model of binge eating: Is there a need for modification?
Sehm, M., & Warschburger, P. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.028 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Authors: Stice, E.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Stice, Eric
ORCID: Stice, Eric
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001-02
Volume: 110
Issue: 1
Pages: 124-135
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.124
OpenAlex: W2097312669
Cited by: 1,251
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 87 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 23.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19908, MH 01708, K01MH001708, T32MH019908)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Keywords: bulimia nervosa, dual-pathway model, dieting, negative affect, body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, adolescent girls, bulimic symptoms, mediation
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Affect, Body Image, Bulimia, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Models, Psychological, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Social Conformity, Body Mass Index

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A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: mediating effects of dieting and negative affect

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