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Economic costs of anxiety disorders

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The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare

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Combining GPS & survey data improves understanding of visitor behaviour

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Visitor Effects on the Behavior of Captive Western Lowland Gorillas: The Importance of Individual Differences in Examining Welfare

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Hediger revisited: how do zoo animals see us?

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Rates of self-directed behaviour and faecal glucocorticoid levels are not correlated in female wild olive baboons ( Papio hamadryas anubis )

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Are we ignoring neutral and negative human-animal relationships in zoos?: Negative Zoo Human-Animal Relationships

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Program animal welfare: Using behavioral and physiological measures to assess the well-being of animals used for education programs in zoos

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Potential Impact of Construction Noise on Selected Zoo Animals

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The Different Physical and Behavioural Characteristics of Zoo Mammals That Influence Their Response to Visitors

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The Impact of ‘Selfie’ Tourism on the Behaviour and Welfare of Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloths

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The effects of environmental and visitor variables on the behavior of free‐ranging ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in captivity

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Impacts of visitor number on Kangaroos housed in free-range exhibits: Kangaroo Welfare in Free-Range Exhibits

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The impact of visitors on non-primate species in zoos: a quantitative review

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Observing grooming promotes affiliation in Barbary macaques

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The Effect of Fission–Fusion Zoo Housing on Hormonal and Behavioral Indicators of Stress in Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

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Individual differences in zoo‐housed squirrel monkeys' (Saimiri sciureus) reactions to visitors, research participation, and personality ratings

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Widespread Behavioral Responses by Mammals and Fish to Zoo Visitors Highlight Differences between Individual Animals

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Effects of visitor numbers on captive European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and impacts on visitor experience

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The effects of zoo visitors on Quokka (<i>Setonix brachyurus</i>) avoidance behavior in a walk‐through exhibit

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The effect of visitors on the behavior of zoo‐housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

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Effects of Visitor Presence and Crowd Size on Zoo-Housed Red Kangaroos (Macropus Rufus) During and After a COVID-19 Closure

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Conservation, animal behaviour, and human-animal relationship in zoos. Why is animal welfare so important?

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Does an Animal–Visitor Interactive Experience Drive Conservation Action?

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The Impact of COVID-19 Zoo Closures on Behavioural and Physiological Parameters of Welfare in Primates

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Dither: A unifying model of the effects of visitor numbers on zoo animal behavior

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The effects of zoo visitors on a group of Western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla before and after the birth of an infant at Dublin Zoo

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Zoo visitors affect sleep, displacement activities, and affiliative and aggressive behaviors in captive ebony langurs (Trachypithecus auratus)

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Behavioral Implications of the Complete Absence of Guests on a Zoo-Housed Gorilla Troop

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Zoo Playgrounds: A Source of Enrichment or Stress for a Group of Nearby Cockatoos? A Case Study

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Improved behavioral indices of welfare in continuous compared to intermittent pair‐housing in adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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Assessing the potential impact of zoo visitors on the welfare and cognitive performance of Japanese macaques

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The Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Primate Research in Different Settings

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The effect of visitors on the behaviour of zoo-housed primates: A test of four hypotheses

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Comparing Space Use and Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations during and after the COVID-19 Closure to Investigate Visitor Effects in Multiple Species

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Exploration of potential triggers for self-directed behaviours and regurgitation and reingestion in zoo-housed chimpanzees

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How is Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Behavior and Physiology Impacted by 360 Degree Visitor Viewing Access?

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Through the Looking Glass: Effects of Visitors on Primates in Zoos

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A comprehensive investigation of negative visitor behaviour in the zoo setting and captive animals' behavioural response

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GorillaFACS: The Facial Action Coding System for the Gorilla spp.

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Visitor effects on zoo animals

Sade, C. (2024) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/gjmn-r094 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Signs and Docents in Zoo Visitor Education: Using Affinitive Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Behaviors

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Using Behavior to Assess Primate Welfare

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Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth patterns and human presence in zoological settings

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Primates and People in the Zoo: Implications of Human–Animal Interactions and Relationships

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Disturbing Skippy on Tour: Does It Really Matter? Ecological and Ethical Implications of Disturbing Wildlife

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Do zoo visitors induce attentional bias effects in primates completing cognitive tasks?

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The impact of tourist visits on mountain gorilla behavior in Uganda

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Long-Term Spatial Restriction Generates Deferred Limited Space Use in a Zoo-Housed Chimpanzee Group

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Human-animal interactions and machine-animal interactions in animals under human care: A summary of stakeholder and researcher perceptions and future directions

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Volunteer experience influences the conclusions of behavioural experiments

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Human–Ape Interactions in a Zoo Setting: Gorillas and Orangutans Modify Their Behavior Depending upon Human Familiarity

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An International Investigation of the Prevalence of Negative Visitor Behaviour in the Zoo

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Behavioral and spatial responses of captive coyotes to human activity

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The Effect of Visitor Number on the Behavior of Zoo-Housed Macropods

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How does the zoo soundscape affect the zoo experience for animals and visitors

de Queiroz, M. B. (2018) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Visitors and observers otter‐ly influence the behavior and enclosure use of zoo‐housed giant otters

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Is Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Wounding Frequency Affected by the Presence Versus Absence of Visitors? A Multi-Institutional Study

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Keepers as social companions: Tactile communication and social enrichment for captive apes

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Gorilla Activities and Social Behavior: Assessing Changes Associated with Absence of Zoo Visitors, Zoo Attendance, Time of Day and Increasing Maturity

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An explorative study on visitor's behaviour and their effect on the behaviour of primates at Chittagong zoo

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Vocal Cues to Assess Arousal State of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) Involved in Public Presentations

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Behavioral Responses of Captive Corvids to the Presence of Visitors

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Does visitation dictate animal welfare in captivity? – A case study of tigers and leopards from National Zoological Park, New DelhiPreprint

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The effects of visitors and social isolation from a peer on the behavior of a mixed-species pair of captive gibbons

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Interspecies Relationships and Their Influence on Animal Handling: a Case Study in the Tallinn Zoological Gardens

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Visitor behaviours and visitor effects: a case study on the white-crowned mangabey (cercocebus atys lunulatus) of ZSL London Zoo

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Behavioural effects of noise on Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in a walk-through enclosure

Rezende, Y. G. D. A., de Queiroz, M. B., Young, R. J., & Vasconcellos, A. D. S. (2023) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2023.34 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Visitor Effect in Primates

Hosey, G., Oaten, G., Ward, S. J., & Melfi, V. A. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622715.0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Investigating the use of GIS for monitoring visitor effects and enclosure use of captive birds in a mixed species, free-ranging aviary at Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa FL.

Blanchett, M. (2018) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The effects of visitors and social isolation from peer on the behavior of a mixed-species pair of captive gibbonsPreprint

Lee, S., Ryu, H., Yi, Y., Jang, S.-A., Gye, H., Choi, A., Cho, H., Lee, B., & Choe, J. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1597413/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Effects of application of environmental enrichment in kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) at Aquário de São Paulo

Vitória, B. A. D., Padilha, F. L. A., Colbachini, H., Duarte, R. M., & Costa, F. R. (2022) · Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciências Exatas e da Natureza · doi:10.56814/pecen.v6i0.1945 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Audience presence influences cognitive task performance in chimpanzees

Lin, C., Muramatsu, A., & Yamamoto, S. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111191 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Assessing the Effects of Organic Zinc And/Or Omega 3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Immunity, Lipoproteins, Cortisol, and Testosterone Production in Zoo-Housed African Lions ( Panthera Leo )

Samy, S., Zaineldin, A. I., Nassef, E., Bakr, A., & Hegazi, S. (2025) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2025.2484276 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Spatial and social influences on the behaviour of captive chimpanzees

Duncan, L. M. (2012) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Social and environmental influences on the welfare of zoo-housed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi rufiventris)

Davis, N. J. (2020) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · doi:10.17638/03069623 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

References and Further Reading

Cooper, J. E., & Hull, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802039-5.00037-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A comparative approach to social learning from the bottom up

O’Sullivan, E. (2015) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)

The Study of Activity Pattern, the Use of Space, Animal Proximity and Visitors' Actions to Determine the Individual Differences in Two Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Adult Females

Soriano, A. I., Tarascó, I., Cartanyà, D. V., & García, C. M. (2015) · RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)

Effects of Artificial Enrichment for Captive Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Activity Budgets

Perretti, A., & Chancellor, R. L. (2021)

Assessing Visitor Effects on Zoo Animals

Learmonth, M. J., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800622715.0007

Chimpanzees’ working memory is not affected by the presence and activity of zoo visitors

Frick, A., McEwen, E. S., & Seed, A. M. (2025) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-025-02014-4

Smooth move: Behavioural changes in captive western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) after group split and relocationPreprint

Žabková, M., Čížková, M., Šlipogor, V., Vodička, R., & Konečná, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.25.734437

The effect of the zoo setting on the behavioural diversity of captive gentoo penguins and the implications for their educational potential

(2016) · The Journal of zoo and aquarium research · doi:10.19227/jzar.v4i2.158 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

The effect of visitors on the behavior of zoo‐housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Lewis, R. N., Chang, Y., Ferguson, A., Lee, T., Clifforde, L. M., & Abeyesinghe, S. M. (2020) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21552 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas

Wells, D. L. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.019 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

The effect of visitors on the behaviour of zoo-housed chimpanzee and gorilla groups

Cooper, T. C. (2012) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)

The effect of visitors on the behaviour of zoo-housed primates: A test of four hypotheses

Hosey, G., Ward, S. J., & Melfi, V. A. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105938 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Preregistration: Do zoo gorillas feel good? A systematic review preregistration for gorilla behaviour and space usePreprint

Brereton, J. E., & Brereton, S. R. (2026) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/mkjba