Altered feeding differentially regulates circadian rhythms and energy metabolism in liver and muscle of rats
Open accessAbstract
Energy metabolism follows a diurnal pattern responding to the light/dark cycle and food availability. This study investigated the impact of restricting feeding to the daylight hours and feeding a high fat diet on circadian clock (bmal1, dbp, tef and e4bp4) and metabolic (pepck, fas, ucp3, pdk4) gene expression and markers of energy metabolism in muscle and liver of rats. The results show that in chow-fed rats switched to daylight feeding, the peak diurnal expression of genes in liver was shifted by 6-12h while expression of these genes in muscle remained in a similar phase to rats feeding ad libitum. High fat feeding during the daylight hours had limited effect on clock gene expression in liver or muscle but shifted the peak expression of metabolic genes (pepck, fas) in liver by 6-12h. The differential effects of daylight feeding on gene and protein expression in muscle and liver were accompanied by an 8% reduction in whole body energy expenditure, a 20-30% increased glycogen content during the light phase in muscle of day-fed rats and increased adipose tissue deposition per gram food consumed. These data demonstrate that a mismatch of feeding and light/dark cycle disrupts tissue metabolism in muscle with significant consequences for whole body energy homeostasis.
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A differential shift of metabolically important organs such as liver and muscle might have profound effects on glucose metabolism.
“Clearly a differential shift of metabolically important organs such as liver and muscle might also have profound effects on glucose metabolism [151].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [151]
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“Phase shifts of circadian clocks in the liver (22, 23), kidney, heart, pancreas (54), and muscle (64) have been reported in response to time-restricted feeding.”
BackgroundWang, D., Opperhuizen, A., Reznick, J., Turner, N. A., Su, Y., Cooney, G. J., & Kalsbeek, A. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Morán‐Ramos, S., Báez‐Ruíz, A., Buijs, R. M., & Escobar, C. (2016) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s095442241600010x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Recently, Reznick et al.(59) performed a 3-week protocol with HF and chow diets, and compared day-fed v. ad libitum rats.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmall, L., Brandon, A. E., Quek, L., Krycer, J. R., James, D. E., Turner, N. A., & Cooney, G. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“One of these isoforms, PDK4, is upregulated in the muscle of high-fat diet-fed (HFD) rodents (14, 23, 37, 38, 48) and insulin-resistant human subjects (24, 28).”
BackgroundWang, X., Xue, J., Yang, J., & Xie, M.-L. (2013) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-013-0333-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Recent studies have also reported that high-fat feeding during daylight hours has limited effects on hepatic clock gene expressions (Reznick et al. 2012).”
BackgroundFrom Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes: Insights Into the Molecular Structure of Glycogen Particles
Liu, Q., Tang, J., Wen, P., Wang, M., Zhang, X. L., & Wang, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.673315 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is also well known that, in healthy mouse liver, glycogen level reached the maximum during the night period and decreased to the minimum during the light period (Reznick et al., 2013).”
BackgroundOkauchi, H., Hashimoto, C., Nakao, R., & Oishi, K. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1516672 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, the differences between the effect of restricting feeding to a specific period (Sherman et al. 2011; Hatori et al. 2012; Sherman et al. 2012; Reznick et al. 2013) and the time-of-day effect of feeding (Arble et al.”
BackgroundTime-restricted feeding improves adaptation to chronically alternating light-dark cycles
Schilperoort, M., van den Berg, R., Dollé, M. E. T., van Oostrom, C. T. M., Wagner, K., Tambyrajah, L. L., Wackers, P. F. K., Deboer, T., Hulsegge, G., Proper, K. I., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44398-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wu, X., Xie, C., Long, C., Li, J., Zhou, X., Fan, Z., Blachier, F., & Yin, Y. (2017) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.8467 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
de Goede, P., Sen, S., Su, Y., Foppen, E., Poirel, V., Challet, É., & Kalsbeek, A. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19103171 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Many studies have investigated the effects of time restricted feeding (TRF) on energy metabolism by focusing on (clock) gene expression in liver, skeletal muscle, BAT and WAT [31,32,35].”
BackgroundSiddiqui, S., Lustig, A., Carter, A., Sankar, M., Daimon, C. M., Premont, R. T., Etienne, H., van Gastel, J., Azmi, A., Janssens, J., et al. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101185 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The most down-regulated transcripts in GIT2KO thymi included genes regulating: age-related stress responses (Ager [38]); T cell survival/regulation (Tsc22d3 [39]); structural integrity of tissues (Emb [40]); T cell autophagy (Ddit4 [41]); T cell expansion and differentiation (Tnfrsf4 [42]); susceptibility to thymic DN…”
InfluentialCircadian Clock and Sirtuins in Diabetic Lung: A Mechanistic Perspective
Zhou, S., Dai, Y., Zeng, X., & Chen, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00173 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Metabolism as an integral cog in the mammalian circadian clockwork
Gamble, K. L., & Young, M. E. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.3109/10409238.2013.786672 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Recent studies have shown that this food-induced dyssynchrony extends beyond the central versus peripheral clock relationship, but causes dyssynchrony between peripheral clocks (Bray et al., 2012; Reznick et al., 2013).”
BackgroundÍbias, J., Miguéns, M., Rio, D. D., Valladolid‐Acebes, I., Stucchi, P., Ambrosio, E., Martín, M. E., Morales, L., Ruiz‐Gayo, M., & Olmo, N. D. (2015) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0980-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
de Goede, P., Hellings, T. P., Coopmans, T. V., Ritsema, W. I. G. R., & Kalsbeek, A. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22830 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Moreover, the specific effects of TRF appear to be tissue dependent (18,20).”
Ribas‐Latre, A., Bas-Prior, J. M. D., Baselga‐Escudero, L., Casanova, E., Arola‐Arnal, A., Salvadó, M. J., Bladé, C., & Arola, L. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Influence of lifestyle and the circadian clock on reproduction
Ono, M., Dai, Y., Fujiwara, T., Fujiwara, H., Daikoku, T., Ando, H., Kuji, N., & Nishi, H. (2025) · Reproductive Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1002/rmb2.12641 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“20,21 Studies have shown that mice fed high-fat diets exhibit changes in clock gene expression and clock-controlled genes involved in energy utilization across the hy - pothalamus, liver, and fat tissues.”
Small, L., Brandon, A. E., Parker, B. L., Deshpande, V., Samsudeen, A., Kowalski, G. M., Reznick, J., Wilks, D. L., Preston, E., Bruce, C. R., et al. (2019) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These observations are consistent with previous literature [32] and support our conclusions that the current study is reporting metabolic events that align with the normal diurnal rhythms of fasting/feeding and substrate metabolism in rats.”
ResultMármol‐Sánchez, E., Ramayo‐Caldas, Y., Quintanilla, R., Cardoso, T. F., González-Prendes, R., Tibau, J., & Amills, M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-019-0412-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, K., Yao, C., Huang, J., Li, Q., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Shan, C., Liu, P., et al. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202001265rr · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pak, H. H., Grossberg, A. N., Sanderfoot, R. R., Babygirija, R., Green, C. L., Koller, M., Dzieciątkowska, M., Paredes, D., & Lamming, D. W. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114663 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Different levels of circadian (de)synchrony – where does it hurt?
Galinde, A. A., Al‐Μughales, F., Oster, H., & Heyde, I. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.127234.2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xia, Y., Yao, B., Fu, Z., Li, L., Jin, S., Qu, B., Huang, Y., & Ding, H. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00261.2022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Liu, L., GuoMin, J., Peng, Z., Li, Y., Li, J., Zou, L., He, Z., Wang, X., & Chu, W. (2017) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.07.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance
Postolache, T. T., Gulati, A., Okusaga, O. O., & Stiller, J. W. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Consequences of circadian dysregulation on metabolism
Nelson, R. J., & Cissé, Y. M. (2016) · ChronoPhysiology and Therapy · doi:10.2147/cpt.s100363 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ye, Z., Huang, K., Dai, X.-Q., Gao, D., Gu, Y., Qian, J., Zhang, F., & Zhai, Q. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37475 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This outcome aligns with data from previous studies on ZT1-11 TRF over 5 weeks and ZT0-12 TRF over 8 weeks or 3 weeks [31 – 33].”
Wu, P., Cheng, J. R., Chen, L., Xiang, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zheng, T., Liu, N., Chu, W., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-019-00757-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Direct evidence shows that there are also circadian rhythms of clock genes in other tissues, such as skeletal muscle and liver (Reznick et al. 2013; Wu et al. 2016), because circadian pattern of gene expression patterns have been identified in skeletal muscles in zebrafish, mice, and human.”
BackgroundSoliz‐Rueda, J. R., López‐Fernández‐Sobrino, R., Schellekens, H., Torres‐Fuentes, C., Arola, L., Bravo, F. I., & Muguerza, B. (2023) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.14005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“20,21 Light is perceived by the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and reset of the central clock, but the expression of clock genes in the other peripheral tissues such as liver 22,23 are also regulated by diet composition.”
Backgroundda Rocha, L. S., de Matos, R. J. B., de Souza, J. A., Costa, A. C. O., de Souza, S. L., Muniz, G. D. S., & do Nascimento, E. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0536 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids coordinate the bladder peripheral clock and diurnal micturition pattern in mice
Chihara, I., Negoro, H., Kono, J., Nagumo, Y., Tsuchiya, H., Kojo, K., Shiga, M., Tanaka, K., Kandori, S., Mathis, B. J., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04464-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Advances in Unhealthy Nutrition and Circadian Dysregulation in Pathophysiology of NAFLD
Guo, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, S., Jiang, X., Chen, T., Yu, J., Wang, S., Ma, X., & Wu, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2021.691828 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chronic mistimed feeding results in renal fibrosis and disrupted circadian blood pressure rhythms
Benjamin, J. I., Pati, P., Luong, T., Liu, X., Miguel, C. D., Pollock, J. S., & Pollock, D. M. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00047.2024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythms in Adipose Tissue Physiology
Kiehn, J., Tsang, A. H. K., Heyde, I., Leinweber, B., Kolbe, I., Leliavski, A., & Oster, H. (2017) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00751.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tsurudome, Y., Akamine, T., Horiguchi, M., Wada, Y., Fujimura, A., & Ushijima, K. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2077746 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In the AF group, plasma concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides showed daily rhythms, which were similar to the previous reports (Figure 1c-f; Supplementary Table 1) (Balasubramaniam et al. 1994; Reznick et al. 2013).”
ResultHuang, J., Wang, Q., Zhang, K., He, S., Liu, Z., Li, M., Liu, M., Guo, Y., & Wu, Z. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13172742 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Studies on rodent animal models have shown that daytime eating can cause fat deposition, leading to obesity, diabetes, and intestinal inflammatory diseases [4].”
BackgroundCircadian systems biology in Metazoa
Lin, L., Huang, H., Juan, H., & for the 2014 Taida Cancer Systems Biology Study Group (2015) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbv006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“olism-associated genes is variable, suggesting an interplay between local and systemic factors [17].”
BackgroundShiba, A., de Goede, P., Tandari, R., Foppen, E., Korpel, N. L., Coopmans, T. V., Hellings, T. P., Jansen, M. W., Ruitenberg, A., Ritsema, W. I. G. R., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1016/j.nbscr.2024.100106 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is a strong contrast to the 12hr shift in the liver clock and the arhythmic muscle clock when rats are subjected to time-restricted feeding during the light period (Bray et al., 2013; de Goede et al., 2018a; Oosterman et al., 2020; Opperhuizen et al., 2016; Reznick et al., 2013).”
Is it time to think about chronotherapy in migraine
Holland, P. R., & Fronczek, R. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…a powerful zeitgeber for the liver, altering the liver's molecular clock independent of the SCN. Experimentally, this property is often used to desynchronize peripheral clocks from the SCN [34], further suggesting that altered feeding patterns and circadian desynchrony may be relevant for migraine.”
An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance
Okusaga, O. O., & Postolache, T. T. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cardoso, T. S. R., Horta, N. A. C., Fernandes, P., Araújo, F. M., Luciano, P. L. C., Cardoso, T. M., Drummond, L. R., Coimbra, C. C., & Poletini, M. O. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10298-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“On the other hand, male rodents fed at the light showed higher adiposity without changes in food intake (Reznick et al. 2013), suggesting sex differences in metabolic responses to mealtime.”
Circadian timing of satellite cell function and muscle regeneration
Zhu, P., & Peek, C. B. (2024) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Machado, F. S. M., Horta, N. A. C., Rodrigues, Q. T., Cardoso, T. S. R., Aquino, N. S. S., Szawka, R. E., Poletini, M. O., & Coimbra, C. C. (2025) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-025-03128-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
TRPV1 Desensitization Abolishes Metabolic Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding in Rats
Horta, N. A. C., Cardoso, T. S. R., Fernandes, P., Araújo, F. M., Luciano, P. L. C., Drummond, L. R., Coimbra, C. C., & Poletini, M. O. (2025) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304251346606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…sampling window (ZT1 and ZT13) was selected to roughly align with the peak and/or lowest expression levels of Per1, Bmal1, Cry1 and 2, and Rev-Erba , as consistently shown in the literature (Damiola et al., 2000; Stokkan et al., 2001; Horta et al., 2023; Sherman et al., 2012; Reznick et al., 2013).”
Coordination of bladder peripheral clock and diurnal micturition pattern by glucocorticoidsPreprint
Chihara, I., Negoro, H., Kono, J., Nagumo, Y., Tsuchiya, H., Kojo, K., Shiga, M., Tanaka, K., Kandori, S., Mathis, B. J., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1780404/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of Diet Restriction on Diurnal Variation in Indices of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Rats
Fukuda, H., Hirakawa, T., Katsukawa, M., Katou, M., Nakano, Y., Katsurada, A., & Iritani, N. (2016) · Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi · doi:10.4327/jsnfs.69.289
Medina, A. L. B. (2017) · Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola · doi:10.20511/usil.thesis/2906
Circadian Rhythms and Time-Restricted Eating in Healthy Aging and Longevity
Bajaj, P., & Kaur, G. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22468-3_20
How Non-photic Cues for the Circadian Time System Matter in Healthy Aging
Poletini, M. O., Fernandes, P., & Horta, N. A. C. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22468-3_10
Circadian Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Biology
Delezie, J., & Lamia, K. A. (2024) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/bk9781839167553-00345
Soliz‐Rueda, J. R., López‐Fernández‐Sobrino, R., Schellekens, H., Bravo, F. I., Suárez, M., Mulero, M., & Muguerza, B. (2025) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.70000
“17,18 For instance, changes in the expression of clock genes, nuclear receptors regulating clock transcription factors, and clock-controlled genes involved in fuel utilization have been reported in the hypothalamus and hepatic and adipose tissues of mice fed a high-fat diet.”
Palatable food, clock genes and the reward circuitry
Blancas‐Velazquez, A. S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bad46fd4zc72az43cbz991dzc3345213a608
“…clock gene expression responds to nutrients, for example, providing a single-pellet hypercaloric diet ad libitum alters clock-gene expression in the liver (Eckel-Mahan et al., 2013; Hatori et al., 2012; Kohsaka et al., 2007; Reznick et al., 2013; Yanagihara, Ando, Hayashi, Obi, & Fujimura, 2006).”
Interactions between circadian clocks and feeding behaviour
Sen, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a9aacc00z1b8ez46fbz9494z07029578de62
- Authors
- Reznick, J., Preston, E., Wilks, D. L., Beale, S. M., Turner, N., & Cooney, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Cooney, Gregory J.
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 1832
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 228-238
- ISSN
- 0925-4439 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089674063
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, meal timing, high-fat diet, clock genes, Bmal1, DBP, Eragrostis tef, E4BP4, energy metabolism, liver, skeletal muscle, energy expenditure, glycogen, adipose tissue deposition, energy homeostasis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fas, UCP3, PDK4
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Dietary Fats, Energy Metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Liver, Male, Rats, Wistar, Muscle, Skeletal, Rats, Period Circadian Proteins, Diet, High-Fat
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