Human resting energy expenditure varies with circadian phase
Open accessAbstract
There is emerging evidence that circadian misalignment may alter energy expenditure, leading to obesity risk among those with irregular schedules [1-5]. It has been reported that energy expenditure is affected by the timing of sleep, exercise, and meals [6]. However, it is unclear whether the circadian system also modulates energy expenditure, independent of behavioral state and food intake. Here, we used a forced desynchrony protocol to examine whether fasted resting energy expenditure (REE) varies with circadian phase in seven participants. This protocol allowed us to uncouple sleep-wake and activity-related effects from the endogenous circadian rhythm, demonstrating that REE varies by circadian phase. REE is lowest at circadian phase ∼0°, corresponding to the endogenous core body temperature (CBT) nadir in the late biological night, and highest at circadian phase ∼180° in the biological afternoon and evening. Furthermore, we found that respiratory quotient (RQ), reflecting macronutrient utilization, also varies by circadian phase. RQ is lowest at circadian phase ∼240° and highest at circadian phase ∼60°, which corresponds to biological morning. This is the first characterization of a circadian profile in fasted resting energy expenditure and fasted respiratory quotient (with rhythmic profiles in both carbohydrate and lipid oxidation), decoupled from effects of activity, sleep-wake cycle, and diet in humans. The rhythm in energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism may contribute to greater weight gain in shift workers and others with irregular schedules.
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Circadian variation in physiological functions can be experimentally observed in constant routine or forced desynchrony laboratory protocols, which are the two gold standard methods for assessing circadian rhythmicity in humans.
“Circadian variation in these physiological functions can be experimentally observed in either “constant routine” or “forced desynchrony” laboratory protocols, which are the two gold standard methods for assessing circadian rhythmicity in humans.”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
There is circadian variation in heat production such that the fasted resting metabolic rate is highest during the late afternoon and lowest during the late night.
“There is also circadian variation in heat production such that the fasted resting metabolic rate (also known as basal metabolic rate) is highest during the late afternoon and lowest during the late night [46].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Zitting, K.-M., Vujovic, N., Yuan, R. K., Isherwood, C. M., Medina, J. E., Wang, W., Buxton, O. M., Williams, J. S., Czeisler, C. A., & Duffy, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, Jeanne F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 3685-3690.e3
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6300153
- OpenAlex
- W2899624325
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01 AG009975, R01 AG044416)
- Finnish Cultural Foundation
- NIH (T32HL007901, F32AG051325)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- resting energy expenditure, circadian phase, circadian misalignment, forced desynchrony, respiratory quotient, macronutrient oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, lipid oxidation, core body temperature, shift work, obesity risk, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rest, Sleep, Wakefulness
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