Cited by 1,904Selenium in Biological SystemsRedox biology and oxidative stressGlutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms

Glutathione peroxidases

Brigelius-Flohé, Regina, Maiorino, Matilde·2013·Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

Abstract

Background With increasing evidence that hydroperoxides are not only toxic but rather exert essential physiological functions, also hydroperoxide removing enzymes have to be re-viewed. In mammals, the peroxidases inter alia comprise the 8 glutathione peroxidases (GPx1-GPx8) so far identified.Scope of the review Since GPxs have recently been reviewed under various aspects, we here focus on novel findings considering their diverse physiological roles exceeding an antioxidant activity.Major conclusions GPxs are involved in balancing the H2O2 homeostasis in signalling cascades, e.g. in the insulin signalling pathway by GPx1; GPx2 plays a dual role in carcinogenesis depending on the mode of initiation and cancer stage; GPx3 is membrane associated possibly explaining a peroxidatic function despite low plasma concentrations of GSH; GPx4 has novel roles in the regulation of apoptosis and, together with GPx5, in male fertility. Functions of GPx6 are still unknown, and the proposed involvement of GPx7 and GPx8 in protein folding awaits elucidation.General significance Collectively, selenium-containing GPxs (GPx1-4 and 6) as well as their non-selenium congeners (GPx5, 7 and 8) became key players in important biological contexts far beyond the detoxification of hydroperoxides. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.020

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215 of 215 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • GPX4 has emerged as the main endogenous inhibitor of ferroptosis by limiting lipid peroxidation through GSH-dependent reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to lipid alcohols.

    “the reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)—which is directly targeted by RSL3—has emerged as the main endogenous inhibitor of ferroptosis by virtue of its ability to limit lipid peroxidation by catalyzing the GSH-dependent reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to lipid alcohols [547–550].”
  • Erastin triggers ferroptosis by indirectly affecting the catalytic cycle of GPX4 via inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− and consequent decrease in intracellular cysteine and GSH.

    “erastin triggers ferroptosis by (indirectly) affecting the catalytic cycle of GPX4 via a mechanism that involves the inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− and consequent decrease in intracellular cysteine (which derives from cystine reduction in the cytoplasm) and GSH (which is synthesized from cysteine) [539, 548, 549, 551].”
  • Glutathione depletion lowers cellular antioxidant capacity and inhibits glutathione-dependent enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases.

    “Glutathione depletion causes loss of cellular antioxidant capacity, as well as inhibition of glutathione-dependent enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases [24, 25].”

    From Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation (2016) · cites this paper as [25]

  • GPX4 is the only enzyme able to reduce lipid hydroperoxides inside biological membranes.

    “First, GPX4 is the only enzyme that can reduce lipid hydroperoxides within biological membranes [25].”

    From Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation (2016) · cites this paper as [25]

  • GPX4 requires glutathione as an essential cofactor for its enzymatic activity.

    “Second, GPX4 uses glutathione as an essential cofactor for its enzymatic activity [25].”

    From Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation (2016) · cites this paper as [25]

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Authors
Brigelius-Flohé, R., & Maiorino, M.
Affiliations
University of Padua (IT)
Venue
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-05
Volume
1830
Issue
5
Pages
3289-3303
ISSN
0304-4165 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4211158689
Cited by
1,904
References
217
Citations by year
2026: 162 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 220 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 1
FWCI
7.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Funders
German Research Council (BR778/8-1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Selenium in Biological Systems
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Keywords
glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase 1, GPX2, glutathione peroxidase 3, GPX4, GPX5, GPX7, GPX8, hydrogen peroxide homeostasis, hydroperoxide detoxification, insulin signaling, carcinogenesis, apoptosis, male fertility, protein folding, glutathione
MeSH terms
Animals, Antioxidants, Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Oxidation-Reduction

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