The effect of short-term exposure to energy-matched diets enriched in fat or sugar on memory, gut microbiota and markers of brain inflammation and plasticity
Open accessAbstract
Short-term exposure to high-energy diets impairs memory but there is little data on the relative contributions of fat and sugar to these deficits or the mechanisms responsible. Here, we investigated how these different macronutrients affect memory, neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity markers and the gut microbiota. Rats were fed matched purified diets for 2weeks; Control, Sugar, Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA), which varied only in the percentage of energy available from sugar and the amount and type of fat. Rats consuming SFA and Sugar were impaired on hippocampal-dependent place recognition memory compared to Controls and PUFA rats, despite all rats consuming similar amounts of energy. All rats performed comparably on the object recognition task. Hippocampal and hypothalamic inflammatory markers were not substantially affected by the diets and there was no change in the neuroplasticity marker, brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Each of the diets significantly altered the microbial composition in distinct ways. Specifically, the relative abundance of 89 taxa differed significantly between groups with the majority of these changes accounted for by the Clostridiales order and within that, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. These taxa showed a range of macronutrient specific correlations with place memory. In addition, Distance based Linear Models found relationships between memory, inflammation-related hippocampal genes and the gut microbiota. In conclusion, our study shows that the macronutrient profile of the diet is crucial for diet-induced memory deficits and suggests a possible link between diet, the gut microbiota and hippocampal inflammatory genes.
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Even short-term diet exposure (2 weeks) shifted the microbiota composition in a way that was associated with inflammation-related pathways and memory deficits, indicating rapid effects on microbiota and brain function.
“Likewise, even short-term diet exposure (2 wk) shifted the microbiota composition in a way that was associated with inflammationrelated pathways and memory deficits (325), indicating rapid effects on microbiota and brain function.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [325]
In rats, diets enriched in sugar, SFAs or PUFAs differentially affected the gut microbiota at class, order, family, genus and OTU levels, with 89 taxa contributing to differences among diets.
“Differential effect of diet at class, order, | family, genus and OTU level; 89 taxa | (16 control; 24 PUFA; 12 SFA; 37 | sugar) contribute to differences | among diets”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [325]
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More Flavor for Flavonoid-Based Interventions?
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High Consumption of Sweetened Beverages Might Increase the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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Impact of Altered Gut Microbiota on Ketamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice
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“We also observed that limiting sugary drinks was associated with a reduced abundance of Lachnospiraceae, which is consistent with previous reports [16,40].”
ResultFatty Acids and Gut Microbiota
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Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Disorder
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Altered intestinal microbiota induced by high-fat diets affect cognition differently in mice
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Food-gut microbiota interactions
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The effects of long-term sucrose consumption on olfactory neurogenesis and neuroinflammation
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Altered intestinal microbiota in mice consuming high-fat diets influence cognitive functionPreprint
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Yeme bağımlılığına bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinden bakış
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“In line with our findings, other rodent studies employing higher-sugar diets have similarly reported no significant changes in body weight or total caloric intake, despite the presence of physiological or metabolic perturbations (Beilharz et al., 2014; Beilharz, Maniam, et al., 2016).”
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Decreased carbohydrate sources reduce microbial diversity and taxonomic redundancy in the murine gut
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Microbiome and Diseases: Steatotic Liver Disease
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- Authors
- Beilharz, J. E., Kaakoush, N. O., Maniam, J., & Morris, M. J.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Margaret J.
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 57
- Pages
- 304-313
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2482754741
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1023073)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- hypercaloric diet, dietary fat, dietary sugar, memory impairment, hippocampal-dependent memory, gut microbiota, neuroinflammation, neuroplasticity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, hypothalamic inflammation, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Dietary Sugars, Animals, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Fatty Acids, Hippocampus, Inflammation, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuronal Plasticity, Biomarkers, Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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