The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Open accessAbstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are serious neuropsychiatric disorders of uncertain etiology. Recent studies indicate that immune activation may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of these disorders. Numerous studies in animal models indicate that the mucosal microbiome may influence cognition and behavior by altering the functioning of the immune system. It is thus likely that the microbiome plays a role in human psychiatric disorders. The study of immune alterations and the microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is in its infancy. Two recent investigations of the oro-pharyngeal microbiota in schizophrenia found differences between cases and controls. Other studies have found increased gastrointestinal inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder based on measures of microbial translocation. Several studies have also found an association between the receipt of antibiotics and an increased incidence of psychiatric disorders, perhaps due to alterations in the microbiome. Studies to characterize the intestinal microbiome of individuals with these disorders are in progress. The ultimate test of the role of the microbiome and immune-mediated pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder will come from clinical trials of therapeutic agents which alter gut microbiota or gastrointestinal inflammation. The successful development of such modalities would represent a novel strategy to prevent and treat serious psychiatric disorders.
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Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress products, chemokines, and soluble adhesion molecules in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
“Patients with SCZ and BD have been consistently shown to present with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress products, chemokines, and soluble adhesion molecules both in the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (14, 15).”
From Investigation of systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein ratio, lymphocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio as indicators of inflammation in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports increased plasma cytokines and chemokines in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, supporting the peripheral-blood inflammation portion of the claim. It does not report increased oxidative stress products or soluble adhesion molecules, or establish that the listed markers are increased in cerebrospinal fluid. Section 3.2 (page unavailable) also describes low-grade inflammation as prevalent in a subset of patients, rather than in patients generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChronic low-level inflammation is commonly observed in emotional, psychiatric, personality, and neurotic conditions.
“Chronic low-level inflammation, characterized by a diminished yet ongoing reaction, is commonly observed in emotional, psychiatric, personality, and neurotic conditions (11).”
From Retrospective evaluation of novel serum inflammatory biomarkers in first-episode psychiatric disorders: diagnostic potential and immune dysregulation (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Bipolar disorder is significantly related to microbiota abnormalities (Evans S.J. et al., 2017; Yolken and Dickerson, 2017), and microbiota regulation probably alleviates the disorder (Hamdani et al., 2015; Dickerson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLiu, R. T., Rowan-Nash, A. D., Sheehan, A. E., Walsh, R. F. L., Sanzari, C. M., Korry, B. J., & Belenky, P. A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.026 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Mitrea, L., Nemeș, S. A., Szabo, K., Teleky, B., & Vodnar, D. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.813204 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“Compared with healthy individuals, patients diagnosed with BD display enhanced bacterial translocation markers that originated from the intestinal lumen, underpinning the elevated inflammation that possibly represents these conditions (127, 128).”
BackgroundMaking Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry
Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Cowan, C. S. M., Claesson, M. J., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy067 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“It has been proposed that microbiome-mediated immune activation may contribute to the onset of bipolar disorder (Dickerson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGriñán-Ferré, C., Bellver-Sanchis, A., Izquierdo, V., Corpas, R., Roig-Soriano, J., Chillón, M., Andres-Lacueva, C., Somogyvári, M., Sőti, C., Sanfeliu, C., et al. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101271 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“In the past decades, evidence suggests that gut microbiota might be a link between diet “lifestyle” and cognitive function (see (Dickerson et al., 2017) for review).”
BackgroundOverview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Nguyen, T. T., Kościółek, T., Eyler, L. T., Knight, R. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“The observation that probiotic treatment was found to reduce levels of these inflammatory indices (Severance et al., 2017) further suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome may modulate immune responses and infers that microbial therapeutics could be a potential intervention strategy.”
Pearson-Leary, J., Zhao, C., Bittinger, K., Eacret, D., Luz, S., Vigderman, A. S., Dayanim, G., & Bhatnagar, S. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0380-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Furthermore, differences in gut microbiota have been identified in humans with a variety of psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia [20, 21], and several animal models of psychiatric diseases show disturbances in the gut microbiome [17].”
BackgroundAntipsychotics, Metabolic Adverse Effects, and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia
MacKenzie, N. E., Kowalchuk, C., Agarwal, S. M., Costa-Dookhan, K. A., Caravaggio, F., Gerretsen, P., Chintoh, A. F., Remington, G. J., Taylor, V. H., Müller, D. J., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00622 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“At the phylum level, individuals with schizophrenia appear to have higher proportions of Firmicutes and lower proportions of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in comparison to healthy controls (118).”
BackgroundAltered gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in patients with schizophrenia
Xu, R., Wu, B., Liang, J., He, F., Gu, W., Li, K., Luo, Y., Chen, J., Gao, Y., Wu, Z., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.039 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases
Opazo, M. C., Ortega-Rocha, E. M., Coronado-Arrázola, I., Bonifaz, L. C., Boudin, H., Neunlist, M., Bueno, S. M., Kalergis, A. M., & Riedel, C. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“…like schizophrenia and autism are now considered to also have an inflammatory component suggesting that these ailments could also be associated to changes in intestinal microbiota (Dickerson et al., 2017; Vasquez, 2017; Wu, 2017; Yang et al., 2017; Cox and Weiner, 2018; Kopec et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGut microbiota: a potential regulator of neurodevelopment
Tognini, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00025 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Furthermore, alteration of the immune system (Dickerson et al., 2016) and impaired GI functions are frequently present in psychotic patients (Severance et al., 2016).”
Okubo, R., Koga, M., Katsumata, N., Odamaki, T., Matsuyama, S., Oka, M., Narita, H., Hashimoto, N., Kusumi, I., Xiao, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Revisiting inflammation in bipolar disorder
Fries, G. R., Walss-Bass, C., Bauer, M. E., & Teixeira, A. L. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“These findings indicate an increased permeability of the intestinal lumen in BD (Dickerson et al., 2017) and a potential exposure of gut microbes to the circulation.”
BackgroundLai, W., Deng, W.-F., Xu, S., Zhao, J., Xu, D., Liu, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., He, F.-S., Ye, S.-W., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003027 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional studies showed that imbalances in the composition and functions of the intestinal microbes were observed in patients with mental disorders (Rogers et al., 2016; Dickerson et al., 2017; Bambury et al., 2018; Bruce-Keller et al., 2018; Groen et al., 2018; Butler et al., 2019), particularly in major depre…”
BackgroundGut Microbiota: A Perspective for Psychiatrists
Rea, K., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000504495 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Dickerson, F., Adamos, M. B., Katsafanas, E., Khushalani, S., Origoni, A. E., Savage, C. L. G., Schweinfurth, L. A. B., Stallings, C. R., Sweeney, K., Goga, J. K., et al. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12652 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders
Borkent, J., Ioannou, M., Laman, J. D., Haarman, B. C. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000897 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Microbial Metabolism Modulates Antibiotic Susceptibility within the Murine Gut Microbiome
Cabral, D. J., Penumutchu, S., Reinhart, E. M., Zhang, C., Korry, B. J., Wurster, J. I., Nilson, R., Guang, A., Sano, W. H., Rowan-Nash, A. D., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Furthermore, long-term microbiome dysbiosis has been associated with a number of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, various autoimmune diseases, obesity, and certain neuropsychiatric conditions (Blaser, 2011; De Luca and Shoenfeld, 2019; Dickerson et al., 2017; Foster…”
BackgroundGut–Brain Axis and Mood Disorder
Liu, L., & Zhu, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00223 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“The authors proposed three possible mechanisms: (i) potent infection activated the immune system and then induced mania; (ii) high bacterial infections in mania patients reflected the low response state of the immune system; and (iii) the usage of antibiotics could have changed the microbiota, which itself could incre…”
BackgroundInfluentialCattane, N., Richetto, J., & Cattaneo, A. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Diet and Psychosis: A Scoping Review
Aucoin, M., LaChance, L., Cooley, K., & Kidd, S. A. (2018) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000493399 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of polyphenols as characterized by gnotobiotic mice
Pasinetti, G. M., Singh, R., Westfall, S., Herman, F., Faith, J., & Ho, L. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-171151 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Toxoplasma gondii: Biological Parameters of the Connection to Schizophrenia
Xiao, J., Prandovszky, E., Kannan, G., Pletnikov, M. V., Dickerson, F., Severance, E. G., & Yolken, R. H. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby082 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Areas of interest include (1) the limitations and improvements of immunebased assays to detect these infections in humans, (2) recent discoveries concerning the schizophrenia–Toxoplasma association, (3) findings of Toxoplasma neuropathology in animal models related to schizophrenia pathogenesis, (4) interactions of To…”
Self-citationThe Potential Influence of the Bacterial Microbiome on the Development and Progression of ADHD
Bull-Larsen, S., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112805 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Research highlights this risk, as gut dysbiosis in child or adulthood has not only been associated with various diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome [6] or obesity [7], but also with psychiatric disorders as, for example, depression [8], Parkinson′s disease (PD) [9], schizophrenia [10], autism spectrum disorder…”
BackgroundTranscriptome analysis in whole blood reveals increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia
Loohuis, L. M. O., Mangul, S., Ori, A. P. S., Jospin, G., Koslicki, D., Yang, H. T., Wu, T., Boks, M. P., Lomen‐Hoerth, C., Wiedau‐Pazos, M., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0107-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Munawar, N., Ahsan, K., Muhammad, K., Ahmad, A., Anwar, M. A., Shah, I., Ameri, A. A., & Mughairbi, F. A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147671 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Wang, T., Li, G., Feng, J., Deng, L., Xu, H., Yin, L., Ma, J., Chen, D., & Chen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.941728 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Patients with SCZ and BD have been consistently shown to present with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress products, chemokines, and soluble adhesion molecules both in the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (14, 15).”
BackgroundBrain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health
Ekstrand, B., Scheers, N., Rasmussen, M. K., Young, J. F., Ross, A. B., & Landberg, R. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Human Gut Phageome: Origins and Roles in the Human Gut Microbiome
Townsend, E. M., Kelly, L., Muscatt, G., Box, J. D., Hargraves, N., Lilley, D., & Jameson, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.643214 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Eltokhi, A., Janmaat, I. E., Genedi, M., Haarman, B. C. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24616 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110861 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“For instance, Dickerson et al. (2017) showed a direct relationship between the gut microbiota dybiosis provoked by antibiotic treatment and the incidence of schizophrenia.”
Fecal Microbial Transplantation and Its Potential Application in Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Leshem, A., Horesh, N., & Elinav, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01341 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation: A Signature or a Cause of Epilepsy?
Pracucci, E., Pillai, V., Lamers, D., Parra, R., & Landi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136981 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Moreover, several alterations in gut microbiota associated with intestinal problems have been found in other neuropsychiatric disorders of potential neurodevelopmental origins, such as schizophrenia [128,135–137], bipolar disorder [138] and depression [139,140], where the balance between excitation and inhibition is i…”
BackgroundThe connection between microbiome and schizophrenia
Golofast, B., & Vales, K. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Probiotics and prebiotics: focus on psychiatric disorders – a systematic review
Barbosa, R. S. D., & Vieira‐Coelho, M. A. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz080 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Butler, M., Mörkl, S., Sandhu, K. V., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719874168 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Several researchers have proposed a link between the gut microbiome and schizophrenia, hypothesizing about a possible etiological role given the enormous genetic potential of the microbiome(85) and its influence on the immune system, a major pathophysiological feature of the illness.(86) The microbiome in patients wit…”
BackgroundPoor oral health in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yang, M., Chen, P., He, M.-X., Lu, M., Wang, H.-M., Soares, J. C., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.031 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Also, these antipsychotic drugs impact the immune system and alter the oral microbiota and some biochemical indicators, which may in turn result in oral diseases (Dickerson et al., 2017).”
Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants
Martău, G. A., Teleky, B., Odocheanu, R., Soporan, D. A., Bochiș, M., Simon, E., & Vodnar, D. C. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28041533 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The principal aspects of their interest are related to the current pandemic, which has highlighted the importance of a strong immune system [26] and the efficiency of food packaging, such as active packaging enriched with bioactive compounds [27–30].”
BackgroundSex Differences in the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Mental Health
Holingue, C., Budavari, A. C., Rodriguez, K. M., Zisman, C. R., Windheim, G., & Fallin, M. D. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01202-y · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Madan, A., Thompson-Lake, D. G. Y., Fowler, J. C., Ajami, N. J., Salas, R., Frueh, B. C., Bradshaw, M. R., Weinstein, B. L., Oldham, J. M., & Petrosino, J. F. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.020 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Shan, B., Ai, Z., Zeng, S., Song, Y., Song, J., Zeng, Q., Liao, Z., Wang, T., Huang, C. C., & Su, D. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104699 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Morris, G., Puri, B. K., Bortolasci, C. C., Carvalho, A., Berk, M., Walder, K., Moreira, E. G., & Maes, M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.037 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Influence of Nutrition on Intestinal Permeability and the Microbiome in Health and Disease
Inczefi, O., Bacsúr, P., Resál, T., Keresztes, C., & Molnár, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.718710 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Microbiota imbalance is also documented in these diseases, but research in this field is in an early stage (154).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota and Bipolar Disorder: An Overview on a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Treatment
Lucidi, L., Pettorruso, M., Vellante, F., Carlo, F. D., Ceci, F., Santovito, M. C., Muzio, I. D., Fornaro, M., Ventriglio, A., Tomasetti, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073723 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“A further mechanism through which the intestinal microbiota could correlate with the pathogenesis of BD is the alteration of the synaptic pruning process [40].”
BackgroundGut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…!
Naveed, M., Zhou, Q.-G., Chu, X., Taleb, A., Meng, F. J., Ahmed, B., Zhang, Y., Fukunaga, K., & Han, F. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110051 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Antibiotics and mania: A systematic review
Lambrichts, S., Oudenhove, L. V., & Sienaert, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.029 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Liu, P., Gao, M., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Tu, H., Lei, L., Wu, P., Zhang, A., Yang, C., Li, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.800764 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
van Zonneveld, S. M., van den Oever, E. J., Haarman, B. C. M., Grandjean, E. L., Nuninga, J. O., van de Rest, O., & Sommer, I. E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162646 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Song, Y., Shan, B., Zeng, S., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Liao, Z., Wang, T., Zeng, Q., He, H., Wei, F.-Q., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113426 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Warren, A., Nyavor, Y., Beguelin, A., & Frame, L. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365871 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Schizophrenia is a lifelong, serious mental disorder and, like many other pathologies, is associated with immune dysfunction, chronic in fl ammation, and dysbiosis (57).”
BackgroundGuan, F., Ni, T., Zhu, W., Williams, L. K., Cui, L., Li, M., Tubbs, J. D., Sham, P. C., & Gui, H. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01201-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Another recent paper identified a number of SCZassociated bacterial species representing potential microbial targets for future treatment [59], further consolidating the possibility that a novel microbiomics-based precise intervention and potential prevention options is possible through regulating inflammatory process…”
BackgroundDifferentiating Psychosomatic, Somatopsychic, Multisystem Illnesses and Medical Uncertainty
Bransfield, R. C., & Friedman, K. J. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare7040114 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kaur, H., Singh, Y., Singh, S., & Singh, R. B. (2020) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2020-0136 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The gut microbiota promotes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia via multiple pathways
Yuan, X., Kang, Y., Zhuo, C., Huang, X., & Song, X. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.152 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Evaluating the Hypothesis That Schizophrenia Is an Inflammatory Disorder
Miller, B. J., & Goldsmith, D. R. (2020) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20200015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Xiao, J., Wang, T., Xu, Y., Gu, X., Li, D., Niu, K., Wang, T., Zhao, J., Zhou, R., & Wang, H.-L. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0719-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia: Implications for heterogeneity and neurobiology
Miller, B. J., & Goldsmith, D. R. (2019) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2019.100006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Dong, Z., Shen, X., Hao, Y., Li, J., Li, H., Xu, H., Li, Y., & Kuang, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.651536 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Furthermore, differences in gut microbiota have been identified in various psychiatric diseases, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (12, 13), as well as several animal models of psychiatric diseases (14– 16).”
BackgroundDicks, L. M. T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010038 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Patients with bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with an increase in gut wall permeability [148] and an increase in Flavonifractor [149].”
BackgroundMental Health in Lifestyle Medicine: A Call to Action
Merlo, G., & VELA, A. M. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211013313 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Furthermore, lower microbiome diversity and global community differences in GI microbiota have been noted in a review looking at schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders.(39) One study found that the transplantation of fecal content from patients suffering from schizophrenia into rodents, resulted in worsening of…”
BackgroundEpigenetics of the molecular clock and bacterial diversity in bipolar disorder
Bengesser, S., Mörkl, S., Painold, A., Dalkner, N., Birner, A., Fellendorf, F. T., Platzer, M., Queissner, R., Hamm, C., Maget, A., et al. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Does the microbiome and virome contribute to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome?
Newberry, F., Hsieh, S.-Y., Wileman, T., & Carding, S. R. (2018) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20171330 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Opioid system influences gut-brain axis: Dysbiosis and related alterations
Rueda‐Ruzafa, L., Cruz, F., Cardona, D., Hone, A. J., Molina‐Torres, G., Sánchez‐Labraca, N., & Román, P. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104928 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mosquera, F. E. C., Martinez, S. L., & Liscano, Y. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091352 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Furthermore, while depression shows considerable promise in responding to psychobi-otic interventions due to more definitive links between gut health and mood regulation, the complexities increase with disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [21,87].”
BackgroundGut Bacteria and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Dicks, L. M. T., Hurn, D., & Hermanus, D. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122583 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Translocation of bacteria and their antigens from the lumen to the circulatory system stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein [35,50,51].”
BackgroundBioque, M., González-Rodríguez, A., García‐Rizo, C., Cobo, J., Monreal, J. A., Usall, J., Soria, V., & Labad, J. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110130 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Exploring the microbiome in health and disease
Scotti, E., Boué, S., Sasso, G. L., Zanetti, F., Belcastro, V., Poussin, C., Sierro, N., Battey, J. N. D., Gimalac, A., Ivanov, N. V., et al. (2017) · Toxicology Research and Application · doi:10.1177/2397847317741884 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dohlman, A. B., & Shen, X. (2019) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370219836771 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Schizophrenia as a pseudogenetic disease: A call for more gene-environmental studies
Torrey, E. F., & Yolken, R. H. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune phenotypes in schizophrenia reveal novel treatment targets
Severance, E. G., Dickerson, F., & Yolken, R. H. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Results from this and other studies also further documented the effects of parasite exposure on clinical endpoints such as decreased cognition, suicidal behavior and severity of psychotic symptoms (Dickerson et al., 2017; Esshili et al., 2016; Hamdani et al., 2017; Kannan et al., 2017; Lindgren et al., 2018).”
Self-citationNew drug approvals for 2021: Synthesis and clinical applications
Yuan, S., Wang, D.-S., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Yang, W., Lv, M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, S., Song, J. H., & Liu, H. (2022) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114898 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Simeonova, D., Stoyanov, D., Leunis, J., Carvalho, A. F., Kubera, M., Murdjeva, M., & Maes, M. H. J. (2019) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-019-00126-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians
Ameringen, M. V., Turna, J., Patterson, B. A., Pipe, A., Mao, R. Q., Anglin, R., & Surette, M. G. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22936 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract: Friend or foe?
Senchukova, M. A. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i1.19 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Khambadkone, S. G., Cordner, Z. A., Dickerson, F., Severance, E. G., Prandovszky, E., Pletnikov, M. V., Xiao, J., Li, Y., Boersma, G. J., Talbot, C. C., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0105-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDysregulation of the gut–brain axis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Genedi, M., Janmaat, I. E., Haarman, B. C. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000499 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bailey, M. T., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.017 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The oropharyngeal microbiome is altered in individuals with schizophrenia and mania
Yolken, R. H., Prandovszky, E., Severance, E. G., Hatfield, G. S., & Dickerson, F. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationPetruso, F., Giff, A., Milano, B. A., Rossi, M. M. D., & Saccaro, L. F. (2023) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20220077 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“These markers may precede and reflect an activated innate immune state [240,241].”
BackgroundResultDietary Fatty Acids and Microbiota-Brain Communication in Neuropsychiatric Diseases
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“The notion that the alterations of microbiota ecosystem may negatively affect brain physiology has been suggested by the observation that chronic antibiotic treatment is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric illness [24].”
BackgroundThe Adult Phenylketonuria (PKU) Gut Microbiome
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Modification of the gut microbiome to combat neurodegeneration
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From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia
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The Microbiota‐Gut‐Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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“Patients with BD exhibit higher inflammation, possibly indicating disorders, due to increased bacterial translocation markers from the intestinal lumen compared to healthy individuals [290, 296].”
- Authors
- Dickerson, F., Severance, E., & Yolken, R.
- Affiliations
- Sheppard Pratt Health System (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dickerson, Faith
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 46-52
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5503102
- OpenAlex
- W2565906784
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH094268)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- microbiome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, immune activation, gut microbiota, oral microbiota, gastrointestinal inflammation, microbial translocation, antibiotics, neuropsychiatric disorders, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Immunity, Schizophrenia, Microbiota
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