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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Cites
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“Early research findings from countries first affected by the COVID-19 pandemic have shown PTSD symptoms to occur among individuals most affected by COVID-19– related traumatic events (Chew et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“7”
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“The calculation of scores was based on previous studies.(14,15,22) The total depression subscale was divided into normal (0–9), mild depression (10–12), moderate depression (13–20), severe depression (21–27) and extremely severe depression symptoms (28–42).”
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“TA B L E 5 Logistic regression analysis Wang et al (2020) revealed that women were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact following the COVID- 19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (P .05).1 Several factors could have contributed to the women's…”
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“Second, recent studies from China have similarly shown that COVID-19 may be important for mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Ahmed et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“, lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, school closures) generated a unique and unprecedented situation, resulting in increased stress levels and potential mental health issues among adults and adolescents (Duan et al., 2020; Ellis et al., 2020; Fegert et al., 2020; Islam et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; Racine et…”
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Bhalla, R. G., Chowdhary, N. R., & Ranjan, A. (2021) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2021.1930630 · Cited by 71
“Categorically, the non-religious side of spiritual tourism connected and inspired by nature provides healing effects (Ferguson & Tamburello, 2015; Wolsko & Hoyt, 2012).”
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InfluentialAl-Sabbagh, M. Q., Al-Ani, A. T., Mafrachi, B., Siyam, A., Isleem, U., Massad, F., Al-Sabbagh, Q., & Abufaraj, M. M. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1871770 · Cited by 66
“…including other factors affecting health-promoting behavior such as cost, benefits, external cues to action, emotions and competing threats (Weinstein, 1988); moreover, we did not explore the impact of psychological stress which was found to be linked with prolonged quarantine (Wang et al., 2020).”
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“This is in line with previous studies reporting the female gender as a risk factor for low psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic (5, 24, 27, 28).”
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“Also, a recent longitudinal study on Chinese adults’ mental health identified that female gender was associated with a higher psychological impact [28].”
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“Differently from everyday life situations, the uncertainty of infection, social and physical isolation, and other stressors caused by COVID-19 aggravated public anxiety and amplified individual differences during these extraordinary circumstances (3, 14, 34, 35).”
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González‐Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Galdós, J. S., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565474 · Cited by 67
“In China, another longitudinal study (8), showed that depression, stress, and anxiety did not present statistically significant changes, the results being consistent with our study except for depression.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMental Health Costs of Lockdowns: Evidence from Age-Specific Curfews in Turkey
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“Indeed, maladaptive emotion regulation, such as rumination and catastrophizing, is common especially in face of a novel infectious disease like COVID-19 which is full of uncertainty (Dubey, Podder, & Pandey, 2020; Restubog, Ocampo, & Wang, 2020).”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Marzo, R. R., Vinay, V., Bahari, R., Chauhan, S., Ming, D. A. F., Fernandez, S. F. N., Johnson, C. C. P., Thivakaran, A. Q. A. L., Rahman, M. M., & Goel, S. (2021) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100868 · Cited by 81
“Meanwhile, score (10-14) is mild depression, and”
Sterina, E., Hermida, A. P., Gerberi, D., & Lapid, M. I. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2021.1928355 · Cited by 70
“The most commonly used scales were the DASS-21 (Mazza et al., 2020; Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020; Tull et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) (Costantini & Mazzotti, 2020; Forte et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, C., Fardin, M. A., Shirazi, M., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B. X., Quek, T. T. C., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint2010006 · Cited by 54
“This study used the COVID-19 National University of Singapore questionnaire, and its psychometric properties had been established in the beginning and peak of the COVID-19 epidemic [14,15].”
MethodSelf-citationVujcic, I. S., Safiye, T., Milikić, B., Popović, E., Dubljanin, D., Dubljanin, E., Dubljanin, J., & Čabarkapa, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041957 · Cited by 74
“Similar results were observed in the two studies on the Chinese population, where it was found that poor health, presence of chronic illnesses, and especially COVID-19 symptoms and breathing difficulties were predictors of higher anxiety levels [21,41].”
BackgroundResultStress-Related Growth in Adolescents Returning to School After COVID-19 School Closure
Waters, L. E., Allen, K., & Arslan, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643443 · Cited by 76
Sayeed, A., Kundu, S., Banna, M. H. A., Hasan, M. T., Begum, M. R., & Khan, M. S. I. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105658 · Cited by 62
Stamatis, C. A., Broos, H. C., Hudiburgh, S. E., Dale, S. K., & Timpano, K. R. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12351 · Cited by 75
Rias, Y. A., Rosyad, Y. S., Chipojola, R., Wiratama, B. S., Safitri, C. I. N. H., Weng, S. F., Yang, C. Y., & Tsai, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123798 · Cited by 77
“Therefore, the specifics of each knowledge question [6,8] or specific psychological knowledge [48] concerning anxiety about COVID-19 need to be re-evaluated during and after the pandemic in terms of psychological problems, including individuals who experienced anxiety during this pandemic period.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeasuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Scoping Review of the Existing Scales
Chandu, V. C., Marella, Y., Panga, G. S. K., Pachava, S., & Vadapalli, V. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620946439 · Cited by 67
Yildirim, O. A., Poyraz, K., & Erdur, E. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02795-4 · Cited by 53
Meaklim, H., Saunders, W. J., Byrne, M. L., Junge, M. F., Varma, P., Finck, W. A., & Jackson, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.021 · Cited by 55
Nourian, M., Nikfarid, L., Khavari, A. M., Barati, M., & Allahgholipour, A. R. (2021) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000466 · Cited by 55
Kyzar, E. J., Purpura, L. J., Shah, J., Cantos, A., Nordvig, A. S., & Yin, M. T. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100315 · Cited by 61
“Additionally, a population-based study from early 2020 in China showed a diminished psychological impact of COVID-19 stress as measured by the Impact of Event Scale (IEG) at 4 weeks compared to a baseline measure, along with unchanged scores on the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) (Wang et al., 2020).”
Body Mass Index, Practice of Physical Activity and Lifestyle of Students During COVID-19 Lockdown
Jalal, S. M., Beth, M. R. M., Al-Hassan, H. J. M., & Alshealah, N. M. J. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s325269 · Cited by 88
Choi, I., Kim, J. H., Kim, N. H., Choi, E., Choi, J., Suk, H. W., & Na, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250252 · Cited by 65
“The most recent longitudinal study conducted in China across two timepoints (during the initial outbreak and peak of COVID-19 four weeks later) found that a significant number of people reported moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety, and depression [8].”
BackgroundIsmail, L. C., Mohamad, M. N., Bataineh, M. F., Ajab, A., Marzouqi, A. M. A., Jarrar, A. H., Jamous, D. O. A., Ali, H. I., Sabbah, H. A., Hasan, H. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633230 · Cited by 66
“Besides, families were affected by prolonged school closure, requiring online education support and uncertainty about examinations and enrolment arrangements (59).”
BackgroundLin, W., Wu, B., Chen, B., Lai, G., Huang, S., Li, S., Liu, K., Zhong, C., Huang, W., Yuan, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.114 · Cited by 74
A diary study of impulsive buying during the COVID-19 pandemic
Xiao, H., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01220-2 · Cited by 69
Ren, Z., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09723-0 · Cited by 61
Li, X.-Y., Li, S.-J., Xiang, M., Fang, Y., Qian, K., Xu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Z.-R., & Wang, B. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110270 · Cited by 55
Quality of online information for the general public on COVID-19
Jayasinghe, R., Ranasinghe, S., Jayarajah, U., & Seneviratne, S. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.001 · Cited by 55
“On the other hand, free access to information, especially through social media, which is accessed by the majority [3] has led to an increase in misinformation and panic associated with COVID-19 [4].”
BackgroundWang, W., Guo, Y., Du, X., Li, W., Wu, R., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.786640 · Cited by 55
“Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in China during the initial stages of the COVID19 pandemic demonstrated elevated levels of mental health problems among the general population (9, 10).”
BackgroundDavid, J., Visvalingam, S., & Norberg, M. M. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114062 · Cited by 54
Zhou, Y.-N., Chen, S., Liao, Y.-H., Wu, Q.-X., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, D., Wang, X.-Y., Li, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.-Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.646486 · Cited by 54
“A recent study reported that a high level of confidence inmedical workers and satisfaction with health information are protective factors of the general population’s mental and psychological health during the COVID19 pandemic (13).”
BackgroundKhawar, M. B., Abbasi, M. H., Hussain, S., Riaz, M., Rafiq, M., Mehmood, R., Sheikh, N., Amaan, H. N., Fatima, S., Jabeen, F., et al. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07030 · Cited by 61
“Wang and co-workers reported that the restricted routine activities and self-isolation psychologically affected people amply [15].”
COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multisystemic Lens
Rolland, J. S. (2020) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12584 · Cited by 70
“Also, this paper is written in the midst of the pandemic when some of the emerging issues, such as if and when of second or third waves/spikes of cases, the timing of a vaccine or economic recovery, and the ultimate scale of emerging mental health and psychosocial impact remain uncertain (Amsalem, Dixon, & Neria, 2020…”
BackgroundMrklas, K., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Vuong, W., Surood, S., Urichuk, L., Li, D., Li, X.-M., Greenshaw, A., et al. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.22408 · Cited by 54
Chai, J., Xu, H.-L., An, N., Zhang, P., Liu, F., He, S., Hu, N., Xiao, X., Cui, Y., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.661796 · Cited by 60
“For example, it found that COVID-19 causes moderate-to-severe mental health in about one-third of adults for Chinese people (4).”
BackgroundSalazar-Fernández, C., Palet, D., Haeger, P. A., & Mella, F. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061910 · Cited by 73
“, stress, anxiety, and depression) [1,10,54].”
Validity and reliability of the German versions of the CD-RISC-10 and CD-RISC-2
Wollny, A., & Jacobs, I. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01670-2 · Cited by 61
“However, people differ widely in how they respond to the perceived COVID-19 threat and its adverse consequences (e.g., Kimhi et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020), which points at trait resilience as a key concept in this context: For example, trait resilience seems to relate negatively to mental health problems and worries…”
BackgroundEdge, R., Mazariego, C. G., Li, Z., Canfell, K., Miller, A., Koczwara, B., Shaw, J., & Taylor, N. J. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06101-3 · Cited by 68
“Emerging evidence has identified significant psychosocial impacts on a global scale [2, 3], with people experiencing fear and anxiety about the risks of COVID-19, uncertainty regarding the deteriorating global economy, and reduced social connectedness due to internationally mandated virus control measures such as soci…”
BackgroundChen, S., She, R., Qin, P., Kershenbaum, A. D., Fernández-Egea, E., Nelder, J. R., Ma, C., Lewis, J. R., Wang, C., & Cardinal, R. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585915 · Cited by 60
Self-citationMurphy, D., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., Busuttil, W., & Fear, N. T. (2020) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001622 · Cited by 56
Hamam, A. A., Milo, S., Mor, I., Shaked, E., Eliav, A. S., & Lahav, Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029 · Cited by 61
Philip, K. E. J., Cumella, A., Farrington-Douglas, J., Laffan, M., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040951 · Cited by 61
Nakamoto, I., Wang, S., Guo, Y., & Zhuang, W. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/22321 · Cited by 76
“crisis of physical health but has substantially affected mental health, as evidenced by the growing number of consultations regarding psychological stress, anxiety, and depression [2].”
BackgroundMatterne, U., Egger, N., Tempes, J., Tischer, C., Lander, J., Dierks, M., Bitzer, E., & Apfelbacher, C. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.012 · Cited by 57
“Risk perception 4 [29,36,37,58,59] 20 [33,66,67,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,”
Influential#lockdown: network-enhanced emotional profiling at the times of COVID-19Preprint
Stella, M., Restocchi, V., & Deyne, S. D. (2020) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.04404 · Cited by 53
“The extent of the impact of these factors is such that, in countries greatly struck by COVID-19 such as China, the population started to develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder [8].”
BackgroundWąsowicz, G., Mizak, S., Krawiec, J., & Białaszek, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647975 · Cited by 52
de Velde, S. M. V., Buffel, V., der Heijde, C. M. V., Çoksan, S., Bracke, P., Abel, T., Busse, H., Zeeb, H., Rabiee‐Khan, F., Stathopoulou, T., et al. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100936 · Cited by 65
“As a result, many students experience elevated levels of academic stress (Chambel & Curral, 2005), which may continue throughout the years in higher education, given the highly challenging curricula, an intensive and time-consuming workload, and high intellectual demands (Wege et al., 2017).”
Kurçer, M. A., Erdoğan, Z., & KARDEŞ, V. Ç. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12850 · Cited by 60
“Almost half of the people reported moderate anxiety and one‐third of the people severe anxiety.(3) Besides, an increase was reported in infodemia, which was described by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the spread of excessive and false information or news during COVID‐19.”
BackgroundGénéreux, M., Schlüter, P. J., Landaverde, E., Hung, K. K. C., Wong, C. S., Mok, C. P. Y., Blouin-Genest, G., O’Sullivan, T. L., David, M. D., Carignan, M.-È., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094845 · Cited by 61
“(2020) surveyed participants at two-time points following the commencement of the pandemic and found that increased exposure to radio reports about COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialLifestyle changes associated with COVID-19 quarantine among young Saudi women: A prospective study
Al-Musharaf, S., Aljuraiban, G. S., Bogis, R., Alnafisah, R. Y., Aldhwayan, M., & Tahrani, A. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250625 · Cited by 62
“Also, mental health status is affected by COVID-19 and pandemicrelated restrictions (prolonged isolation and social distancing), with increased anxiety, stress, and depression [8, 16], which may additionally disrupt lifestyle behaviors.”
BackgroundMental health symptoms among the nurses of Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic
Chowdhury, S. R., Sunna, T. C., Das, D. C., Kabir, H., Hossain, A., Mahmud, S., & Ahmed, S. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00103-x · Cited by 62
Acute psychological impact on COVID-19 patients in Hubei: a multicenter observational study
Wang, M., Hu, C., Zhao, Q., Feng, R., Wáng, Q., Cai, H., Guo, Z., Xu, K., Luo, W., Guo, C., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01259-0 · Cited by 51
Parents’ knowledge and attitude towards COVID‐19 in children: A Jordanian Study
Abuhammad, S. (2020) · International journal of clinical practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13671 · Cited by 52
Ho, T. T. Q., Nguyen, B. T. N., & Nguyen, N. P. H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03661-3 · Cited by 57
Ahmed, F., Xiong, Z., Faraz, N. A., & Arslan, A. (2022) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2022.2086755 · Cited by 70
“The intervals between waves of data collection in longitudinal studies can be as short as one month (e.g. Wang, Pan [60]), or 04 waves in 6 months (e.g. Steca, Abela [61]), or once every 6 months (e.g. Haider, Fatima [57] ).”
BackgroundLoiseau, M., Cottenet, J., Bechraoui-Quantin, S., Gilard‐Pioc, S., Mikaeloff, Y., Jollant, F., François-Purssell, I., Jud, A., & Quantin, C. (2021) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105299 · Cited by 51
Intolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic
Bavoľár, J., Kačmár, P., Hricová, M., Schrötter, J., Holevová, B. K., Köverová, M., & Ráczová, B. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346 · Cited by 62
“Perceived threat and anxiety was found to be lower while well-being was higher than before (similar to O’Connor et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
ResultPaschke, K., Arnaud, N., Austermann, M., & Thomasius, R. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.49 · Cited by 51
Steenkiste, E. V., Schoofs, J., Gilis, S., & Messiaen, P. (2021) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1080/17843286.2021.1903660 · Cited by 62
“ciated with higher anxiety and distress scores at T1 and T2, which is in line with previous research [30].”
ResultTran, B. X., Hoang, M. T., Pham, H. Q., Hoang, C. L., Le, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. (2020) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.011006 · Cited by 57
Self-citationÖcal, A., Cvetković, V. M., Baytiyeh, H., Tedim, F. M. S., & Zečević, M. (2020) · Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk · doi:10.1080/19475705.2020.1811405 · Cited by 68
“changes during the COVID-19 pandemic (Wang et al. 2020b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialXiong, N., Fritzsche, K., Pan, Y., Löhlein, J., & Leonhart, R. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02264-4 · Cited by 62
“However, the increased values differed little from the values reported for the general population in China in the above-mentioned months [4, 62, 63].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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