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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Cites
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Kumar, S., Lee, N. K., Pinkerton, E., Wroblewski, K. E., Lengyel, E., & Tobin, M. (2022) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01184-7 · Cited by 38
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“In contrast, a recent longitudinal study that focused on the mental states of the general public in China during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that posttraumatic stress symptoms decreased from 1 to 3 months after the pandemic outbreak [38].”
ResultOberg, C., Hodges, H., Gander, S., Nathawad, R., & Cutts, D. B. (2022) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101181 · Cited by 38
“Recently, two survey studies from China found that 35 54% of respondents reported the impact of COVID-19 as moderate-to-severe with respect to psychosocial distress.(122,123) Recent decades have seen a renewed investment by educators, researchers, and policy makers in schools’ role in supporting positive emotional and…”
Hering, C., Gangnus, A., Budnick, A., Kohl, R., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Kuhlmey, A., & Gellert, P. K. (2021) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00807-3 · Cited by 38
“The DASS-21 is widely used to study depression, anxiety, and stress in the general population and health care workers [12, 23].”
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Longitudinal study on prenatal depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic
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ResultSelf-compassion and the Mitigation of Negative Affect in the Era of Social Distancing
Guan, F., Wu, Y., Ren, W., Zhang, P., Jing, B., Xu, Z., Wu, S.-T., Peng, K.-P., & He, J.-B. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01674-w · Cited by 38
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Clinical, sociodemographic and environmental factors impact post-COVID-19 syndrome
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Self-citationMeta-Analysis of Prevalence of Depression in Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic
Santabárbara, J., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Mondragón, N. I., Olaya, B., & Bueno-Novitol, J. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57111278 · Cited by 48
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“In addition, recent evidence reveals that 35% of China’s general population are psychologically distressed (13) and experience considerable stress, anxiety, and depression (14), with similar findings evident among the people of Saudi Arabia, Russian-speaking respondents, and Israeli University students (15, 16).”
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“The demographic data we collected were in line with previous studies that reported higher levels of MD among young adults (Zsila et al., 2019), no gender differences (although female participants are more represented among MDers; see Schimmenti et al., 2020c), low levels of MD in individuals with…”
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“Individuals due to COVID-19 suffer from stress, anxiety, and depression [4].”
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“A high level of anxiety was detected at the initial stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in China [6, 7], Hong Kong [8] and Saudi Arabia [9].”
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“…to the Editor Letter to the Editor “A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China” To the editor We read the article by Wang et al. (2020a) with great interest, which we think is very valuable and the investigation is timely and persuasive.”
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Secuelas médicas de la COVID-19
Peramo-Álvarez, F. P., Zúñiga, M. Á. L., & López‐Ruz, M. Á. (2021) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.04.023 · Cited by 55
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“Many variables can affect this association, depending on the context (Mak et al., 2007; Schmitt et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPsychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Among the General Population in Jordan
Khatatbeh, M. M., Khasawneh, A. G., Hussein, H., Altahat, O., & Alhalaiqa, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618993 · Cited by 39
“The higher scores in China could be explained by the fact that China was the main focus of the pandemic.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDeclining well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic reveals US social inequities
Bathina, K. C., ten Thij, M., Valdez, D., Rutter, L. A., & Bollen, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254114 · Cited by 35
“Global studies indicate that these deleterious mental health effects may worsen over time [4, 5].”
BackgroundNew Parents Experienced Lower Parenting Self-Efficacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown
Xue, A., Oros, V., Marca-Ghaemmaghami, P. L., Scholkmann, F., Righini-Grunder, F., Natalucci, G., Karen, T., Bassler, D., & Restin, T. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020079 · Cited by 35
“However, in contrast to previous studies in this study population of new parents’ the self-reported quality of life as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety did not differ due to pandemic measures [5,6,16,35].”
ResultWu, X., Tao, S., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Sun, G., Li, T., & Tao, F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23126 · Cited by 53
“Few studies have examined the effects of COVID-19 on young people, but studies on the general population have reported adverse mental health effects, including increased risks of anxiety, depression, general psychological distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder [6-8].”
BackgroundWu, S., Li, Z., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., & Xiong, Z. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152202 · Cited by 36
“A survey in China showed 12.5% of medical staff experienced high levels of anxiety and depression, especially those with direct clinical contact with infected people [13].”
InfluentialSimor, P., Polner, B., Báthori, N., Ortega, R. S., Roy, A. V., Sáenz, A. A., González, A. L., Benkirane, O., Nagy, T., & Peigneux, P. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab029 · Cited by 38
Ben-Ezra, M., Sun, S.-J., Hou, W. K., & Goodwin, R. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.026 · Cited by 35
Koinig, K. A., Arnold, C., Lehmann, J., Giesinger, J., Köck, S., Willenbacher, W., Weger, R., Holzner, B., Ganswindt, U., Wolf, D., et al. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3950 · Cited by 34
“60 to <70 66 (28) 29 (24) 37 (31) 18 (38)”
Martínez‐Alés, G., Szmulewicz, A., López‐Cuadrado, T., Morrison, C. N., Keyes, K. M., & Susser, E. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01427-7 · Cited by 42
Xu, J., & Yang, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04214-4 · Cited by 41
“On the contrary, the more individuals adopt a passive coping style, the more negative emotions and higher positive manifestations of mental disorders may occur (Li & Li, 2014; Wang et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2020).”
Nanath, K., Balasubramanian, S., Shukla, V., Islam, N., & Kaitheri, S. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121560 · Cited by 43
“Most countries have imposed a lockdown on social and economic activities, although there are differences in the duration and strictness of these restrictions (Oum and Wang, 2020).”
Peccoralo, L. A., Pietrzak, R., Feingold, J. H., Syed, S., Chan, C. C., Murrough, J., Kaplan, C. A., Verity, J., Feder, A., Charney, D., et al. (2022) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-022-01832-0 · Cited by 34
“Studies of the general population and HCWs following various pandemics have found that certain mental health symptoms may persist months and even years after the acute stage of the crisis (O'Connor et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Sasaki et al. 2021; Feder et al. 2016; Paladino et al. 2017).”
BackgroundKalaitzaki, A. E., Tsouvelas, G., Tamiolaki, A., & Konstantakopoulos, G. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12945 · Cited by 42
COVID-19 and psychological distress: Lessons for India
Anand, V., Verma, L., Aggarwal, A., Nanjundappa, P., & Rai, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255683 · Cited by 50
“Perhaps, lack of authentic information, ambiguity about the novel Coronoavirus along with less confidence in healthcare fraternity to treat COVID-19 could explain higher stress [58, 59].”
BackgroundLiang, Z., Mazzeschi, C., & Delvecchio, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158074 · Cited by 41
“In a recent longitudinal study, Wang et al. [14] investigated the mental health of the general population after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 and four weeks after the outbreak in China.”
BackgroundResultHarjana, N. P. A., Januraga, P. P., Indrayathi, P. A., Gesesew, H. A., & Ward, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.630295 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, the mental health problem is another substantial negative impact caused by the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic (3, 4).”
BackgroundYang, Y., Lu, L., Chen, T., Ye, S., Kelifa, M. O., Cao, N., Zhang, Q., Liang, T., & Wang, W. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s290931 · Cited by 43
Sultana, M., Khan, A., Hossain, S., Ansar, A., Sikder, M., & Hasan, M. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105880 · Cited by 34
COVID 19: Psychological Effects and Associated Factors in Mexican Nurses
Cortés-Álvarez, N., & Vuelvas-Olmos, C. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.495 · Cited by 34
Lim, J., Leow, Z., Ong, J., Pang, L.-S., & Lim, E. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.21757 · Cited by 33
“Studies that have been conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic have reported increases in the incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress across diverse populations [1].”
Lathabhavan, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03207-7 · Cited by 34
Doctor-patient relationship improved during COVID-19 pandemic, but weakness remains
Zhou, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, W. F. Z., Wu, Q., Wang, Q., Wang, D., Ren, H., Luo, Y., Yang, D. L., Liu, T., et al. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01600-y · Cited by 38
Moroń, M., Yıldırım, M., Jach, Ł., Nowakowska, J., & Atłas, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02543-4 · Cited by 36
Bäuerle, A., Jahre, L. M., Teufel, M., Jansen, C., Musche, V., Schweda, A., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Weismüller, B., Dörrie, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.768132 · Cited by 35
Mental health of new undergraduate students before and after COVID-19 in China
Lü, P., Yang, L., Wang, C., Xia, G., Xiang, H., Chen, G., Jiang, N., Ye, T., Pang, Y., Sun, H., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98140-3 · Cited by 45
Self-citationHuarcaya-Victoria, J., Elera-Fitzcarrald, C., Crisol-Deza, D. A., Villanueva-Zúñiga, L., Pacherres-López, A., Torres, A., Huertas, G., Calderón, D., Noriega-Baella, C., Astonitas, E., et al. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.002 · Cited by 44
Svensson, S. J., & Elntib, S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12800 · Cited by 36
Emotional Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Among the Spanish Population
González, E. G., Toro, L. B., Cagigal, V., Roldán, A., Beltrán, M. J. M., & Halty, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.616978 · Cited by 41
Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Ding, W., Meng, Y., Hu, H., Liu, Z., Zeng, X., Guan, Y., & Wang, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110253 · Cited by 43
“5% and no significant longitudinal changes [9].”
Family Resilience and Adolescent Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model
Zhuo, R., Yu, Y., & Shi, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084801 · Cited by 35
“[3] has shown that most people have experienced different degrees of stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic, and these feelings persist for a period of time.”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown and Wellbeing: Experiences from Aotearoa New Zealand in 2020
Officer, T. N., Imlach, F., McKinlay, E. M., Kennedy, J., Pledger, M. J., Russell, L., Churchward, M., Cumming, J., & McBride‐Henry, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042269 · Cited by 49
Moreno, L., Talavera‐Velasco, B., Vázquez-Estévez, D., & Martín‐García, J. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002464 · Cited by 51
“For example, in a study in a general Chinese population, posttraumatic stress scores a month after the baseline were lower, although the levels of anxiety and depression remained approximately the same.(12) In the US population, young adults who perceived less social support and had high levels of ruminative thoughts…”
BackgroundStrategies to evaluate outcomes in long-COVID-19 and post-COVID survivors
Crispo, A., Bimonte, S., Porciello, G., Forte, C. A., Cuomo, G., Montagnese, C., Prete, M., Grimaldi, M., Celentano, E., Amore, A., et al. (2021) · Infectious Agents and Cancer · doi:10.1186/s13027-021-00401-3 · Cited by 42
Coping Styles, Mental Health, and the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Nationwide Survey in Poland
Kołodziejczyk, A., Misiak, B., Szcześniak, D. M., Maciaszek, J., Ciułkowicz, M., Łuc, D., Wieczorek, T., Fila-Witecka, K., Chładzińska-Kiejna, S., & Rymaszewska, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.625355 · Cited by 48
“Indeed, the results of other studies concentrating on the COVID-19 effect on general population’s well-being have provided evidence of the following psychological problems: stress load and associated somatic symptoms (26), anxiety and fear (7, 11, 27), PTSD symptoms (14, 21, 27, 28), depression (8, 11, 21, 28) and ins…”
BackgroundWynter, K. H., Redley, B., Holton, S., Manias, E., McDonall, J., McTier, L., Hutchinson, A. M., Kerr, D. C., Lowe, G., Phillips, N. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship · doi:10.1515/ijnes-2021-0060 · Cited by 34
Hocaoğlu, M., Ayaz, R., Günay, T., Akin, E., Turgut, A., & Karateke, A. (2020) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.521 · Cited by 32
“First limitation is due to the self-reporting of the levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression and stress, which may not always be aligned with objective assessment by mental health professionals (Wang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundBeck, F., Léger, D., Cortaredona, S., Verger, P., Peretti‐Watel, P., Peretti‐Watel, P., Seror, V., Cortaredona, S., Fressard, L., Launay, O., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.029 · Cited by 40
Romero‐Gonzalez, B., Puertas‐Gonzalez, J. A., Mariño-Narváez, C., & Peralta‐Ramírez, M. I. (2020) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.10.002 · Cited by 48
Ugbolue, U. C., Duclos, M., Urzeală, C., Berthon, M., Kulik, K. S., Bota, A., Thivel, D., Bagheri, R., Gu, Y., Baker, J. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103352 · Cited by 41
“Four weeks later, in a follow-up survey, rates of depression, anxiety and stress remained unchanged [67].”
BackgroundExamining risk and protective factors for psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Racine, S., Miller, A., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1958789 · Cited by 31
Romdhani, M., Fullagar, H., Vitale, J., Nédélec, M., Rae, D., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Horani, R. A., Saad, H. B., Bragazzi, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.904778 · Cited by 31
Stressors and Other Pandemic-related Predictors of Prospective Changes in Psychological Distress
Leach, C. R., Rees‐Punia, E., Newton, C. C., Chantaprasopsuk, S., Patel, A. V., & Westmaas, J. L. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100069 · Cited by 34
“Numerous studies have documented the mental health impact f the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, vulnerable paient populations, and more general populations, particularly durng strict lockdown phases of the pandemic [8-11] .”
Psychological Distress Among the U.S. General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Guerrini, C. J., Schneider, S. C., Guzick, A. G., Nwankwo, G. N. A., Canfield, I., Fedson, S., Gutierrez, A. M., Sheu, J. C., Song, A. Y., Villagran, A. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642918 · Cited by 34
Al‐Jabi, S. W. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.253 · Cited by 34
Xie, X., Zhu, K., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Liu, Q., Wu, H., Wan, Z., Zhang, J., Meng, H., Zhu, B. Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.675380 · Cited by 40
Baral, P. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731421997088 · Cited by 38
Roberts, T., Daniels, J., Hulme, W., Hirst, R., Horner, D., Lyttle, M., Samuel, K., Graham, B., Reynard, C., Barrett, M., et al. (2021) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2020-210438 · Cited by 31
Vigo, D., Jones, L., Munthali, R. J., Pei, J., Westenberg, J. N., Munro, L., Judkowicz, C., Wang, A. Y., den Adel, B. V., Dulai, J. J. S., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.24 · Cited by 36
Lin, Y., Chen, C. O., & Wu, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25118 · Cited by 27
“There was only one longitudinal study [35], which conducted two-wave surveys during the initial COVID-19 outbreak (ie, January 31 to February 2, 2020) and during the peak 4 weeks later (ie, February 28 to March 1).”
BackgroundDhiman, S., Sahu, P., Reed, W. R., Ganesh, G., Goyal, R. K., & Jain, S. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103790 · Cited by 31
COVID-19: A Source of Stress and Depression Among University Students and Poor Academic Performance
Jiang, Z., Jia, X., Tao, R., & Dördüncü, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.898556 · Cited by 42
“reported that restricted routine activities and self-isolation had a significant psychological impact on people (13).”
BackgroundMcMahon, G. E., Douglas, A., Casey, K., & Ahern, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.142 · Cited by 30
Paucsik, M., Leys, C., Marais, G. A. B., Baeyens, C., & Shankland, R. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3142 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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