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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Cites
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“Based on the data from previous studies relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and other disasters (Wang et al., 2020; Le et al., 2020; Le et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020), we hypothesized that significantly more time spent at home due to the enforced policy during the pandemic would cause significant…”
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“A recent longitudinal study presented a similar course with a reduction of stress-related symptoms within four weeks as the pandemic peaked, but focused on PTSD, anxiety, and depression in the general population [12].”
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“Previous pandemics caused profound psychosocial effects on people at the individual, community, and global levels (Wang et al., 2020a) and influenza pandemics in particular caused increased incidences of various neuropsychiatric symptoms including anxiety, depression, suicidality, feeling of…”
BackgroundThe psychiatric effects of COVID-19 thus far: a review of the current literature
Wright, K., Sarangi, A., & Ibrahim, Y. (2020) · The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles · doi:10.12746/swrccc.v8i35.727 · Cited by 37
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“Although some promising drugs (e.g., remdesivir, favipiravir) are currently in clinical trials (Dong et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), the most effective way to stop COVID-19 by far is still the oldest way that humans have used to battle epidemics for hundreds of years: quarantine.”
BackgroundDigital Tools to Ameliorate Psychological Symptoms Associated With COVID-19: Scoping Review
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“These studies focused on the immediate psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; meanwhile, in their most recent study, Wang et al [5] examined the longitudinal changes in the mental health of the general population in China.”
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The road to recovery: Financial resilience and mental health in post-apartheid South Africa
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“Similarly, government financial support greatly reduced depressive and mental stressors among both Chinese and Australian citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic (Botha et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“So far studies investigating the long-term outcome and the long-term impact of the pandemic on mental health display equivocal findings (Bendau et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020).”
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Can parkland mitigate mental health burden imposed by the COVID-19? A national study in China
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“Age was also treated as a covariate in the analyses as it seemed to have a small effect on mental health under lockdown (e.g., Salari et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), and on character strengths (Heintz et al., 2019).”
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“Adherence to personal precautionary measures, such as washing hands and wearing face masks, appears to be an adaptive coping mechanism with the pandemic in terms of reducing one’s susceptibility to contracting the disease [2] and has the potential to lower psychological distress during the pandemic [29]; conversely, e…”
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Psychological Responses According to Gender during the Early Stage of COVID-19 in Spain
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“Several studies, mainly conducted through internet surveys or questionnaire administration, reported a 20% increase in anxiety and depression symptoms [2,3] and a 32% increase in alcohol use [4,5] in the general population.”
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“Only one study, with a repeated cross-sectional design, has monitored changes in a population’s mental health throughout the course of the pandemic [4], but there was no longitudinal follow-up survey.”
Prudenzi, A., Graham, C. D., Rogerson, O., & O’Connor, D. B. (2023) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.2020272 · Cited by 27
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“The DASS-21 has been widely used in different countries and samples with good reliability and validity (36).”
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COGNITIVE RESTORATION IN FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: AN EYE-TRACKING STUDY
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“The global COVID-19 pandemic measures augmented isolation, loss of jobs, and fear of death and illnesses [1] to elicit increased stress and anxiety, including those of underlying financial reasons to adversely affect the mental health and well-being of individuals [2].”
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Xu, H., Wang, Z., Peng, L., Mi, Y., Zeng, P., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051770 · Cited by 28
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“Hao, Tan [9] reported that infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19, are linked to psychological stress, as well as signs of mental illnesses, including a higher incidence of anxiety, sadness, distress, and depression, which are known to influence the quality of life [10].”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Shen, L., Wu, X., Zhen, R., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01395-8 · Cited by 31
“The COVID-19 pandemic has not only raised a substantial threat to physical health and property, but also conducted a very negative effect on individuals’ mental health, leading to symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress responses [1, 2].”
Li, Y., & Peng, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137658 · Cited by 36
“Previous evidence in longitudinal studies in samples of Chinese college students has proved that there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety, and depression levels, and the reduction in PTSD symptoms was not clinically significant either [55].”
BackgroundVarma, D., & Dutta, P. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-09-2021-0535 · Cited by 39
Khan, S. A. R., & Ponce, P. (2021) · International Journal of Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijlm-12-2020-0496 · Cited by 27
Parent‐Lamarche, A., & Boulet, M. (2021) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-205311 · Cited by 38
“a threat not only to the public’s physical health but to its mental health as well [2].”
BackgroundXiong, X., Wai, A. K. C., Wong, J. Y. H., Tang, E. H. M., Chu, O. C. K., Wong, C. K. H., & Rainer, T. H. (2021) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12919 · Cited by 30
Martín, J., Padierna, Á., Villanueva, A., & Quintana, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14607 · Cited by 38
Sanjana, L. N. U., & Kumar, R. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.15213 · Cited by 38
“It has been reported that HCWs reported substantially higher levels of psychological distress at the beginning of the pandemic compared to the general population [32], and most of them returned to states close to normalcy after a few months into the pandemic [33].”
BackgroundHousehold- and employment-related risk factors for depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wickens, C. M., Hamilton, H. A., Elton‐Marshall, T., Nigatu, Y. T., Jankowicz, D., & Wells, S. L. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00472-6 · Cited by 26
“Studies indicated that women and people with lower educational attainment were especially likely to experience psychological distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress during disease outbreaks (e.g., Peng et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2011).”
BackgroundStudying Music During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Conditions of Studying and Health-Related Challenges
Rosset, M., Baumann, E., & Altenmüller, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651393 · Cited by 27
Yu, Y.-Q., Lau, J., & Lau, M. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa146 · Cited by 27
Valero‐Moreno, S., Lacomba‐Trejo, L., Tamarit, A., Pérez‐Marín, M., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.028 · Cited by 37
Ju, Y., Liu, J., Ng, R., Liu, B., Wang, M., Chen, W., Huang, M. H., Yang, A., Shu, K., Zhou, Y., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1915576 · Cited by 28
Lisi, L., Ciaffi, J., Bruni, A., Mancarella, L., Brusi, V., Gramegna, P., Ripamonti, C., Quaranta, E., Borlandelli, E., Gallo, G., et al. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10120183 · Cited by 31
Dunn, C. C., Stangl, E., Oleson, J., Smith, M. P., Chipara, O., & Wu, Y.-H. (2020) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000991 · Cited by 27
“Through a survey using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Christianson & Marren 2012) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (Norton 2007) scale the respondents initially reported moderate to severe stress, anxiety, and depression and no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety, and depression leve…”
BackgroundMethodResultBadellino, H., Gobbo, M. E., Torres, E., & Aschieri, M. E. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020966020 · Cited by 28
Gorini, F., Chatzianagnostou, K., Mazzone, A., Bustaffa, E., Esposito, A., Berti, S. L., Bianchi, F., & Vassalle, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207371 · Cited by 31
“5%, respectively) during the COVID outbreak onset, and remained unchanged at the epidemic peak, four weeks later [101].”
BackgroundAl‐Qahtani, A. M., Elgzar, W. T., & Ibrahim, H. A.-F. (2020) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.280 · Cited by 31
“The first Wang et al. (2020a) who had evaluated the stress, anxiety, and depression of the Chinese population during the COVID19 pandemic.”
BackgroundMachine learning based model for detecting depression during Covid-19 crisis
Sofia, Malik, A., Shabaz, M., & Asenso, E. (2023) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01716 · Cited by 26
Benatov, J., Zerach, G., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221099421 · Cited by 31
“Indeed, several studies have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic crisis heightened PMIE exposure among HSCWs worldwide (Hines et al., 2020; C. Wang et al., 2020; Zerach & Levi-Belz, 2021).”
BackgroundPiumatti, G., Levati, S., Amati, R., Crivelli, L., & Albanese, E. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.02.005 · Cited by 29
Tareke, S. A., Lelisho, M. E., Hassen, S. S., Seid, A. A., Jemal, S. S., Teshale, B. M., Wotale, T. W., & Pandey, B. K. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01195-1 · Cited by 100
Browne, A., Stafford, O., Berry, A., Murphy, E., Taylor, L. K., Shevlin, M. E., McHugh, L., Carr, A., & Burke, T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020377 · Cited by 40
After Over a Year of Pandemic: Mental Well-being and Life Satisfaction of Filipino College Students
Egcas, R. A., Oducado, R. M., Cleofas, J. V., Rabacal, J., & Lausa, S. M. (2021) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.4.17 · Cited by 30
Gu, S., He, Z., Sun, L., Jiang, Y., Xu, M., Feng, G., Ma, X., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.738003 · Cited by 29
“Hypothesis (4) Uncertainty intolerance can positively predict sleep quality, and play a chain mediating role between loneliness and mental health.”
BackgroundHow the COVID-19 outbreak affected patients with diabetes mellitus?
Şişman, P., Polat, I., Aydemir, E., Karşı, R., Gül, Ö. Ö., Cander, S., Ersoy, C., & Ertürk, E. (2021) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-021-00992-y · Cited by 34
Schlüter, P. J., Généreux, M., Hung, K. K. C., Landaverde, E., Law, R. P., Mok, C. P. Y., Murray, V. S. G., O’Sullivan, T. L., Qadar, Z., & Roy, M. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/32140 · Cited by 26
“The negative influence of excessive media exposure on mental health is receiving increasing attention and recognition [8-11], although its impact across the myriad of mental health and well-being domains has yet to be fully understood.”
Damiano, R. F., Santi, T. D., Beach, S. R., Pan, P. M., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Smith, F. A., Forlenza, O. V., Fricchione, G. L., Miguel, E. C., & Lucchetti, G. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1582 · Cited by 60
Martinelli, N. N., Gil, S., Chevalère, J., Belletier, C., Dezecache, G., Huguet, P., & Droit‐Volet, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063250 · Cited by 29
Bäuerle, A., Musche, V., Schmidt, K., Schweda, A., Fink, M., Weismüller, B., Dinse, H., Herrmann, K., Tewes, M., Schadendorf, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052318 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, the course of COVID-19 has been found to be more severe when patients were older and had a higher number of comorbidities [16].”
BackgroundTypologies of coping in young adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Shigeto, A., Laxman, D. J., Landy, J. F., & Scheier, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1874864 · Cited by 36
“Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated increased levels of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among young adults (Liang et al., 2020; Liu, Zhang, Wong, Hyun, & Hahm, 2020; Shanahan et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a, 2020b).”
BackgroundNiedzwiedz, C., Benzeval, M., Hainey, K. J., Leyland, A. H., & Katikireddi, S. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.20237909 · Cited by 26
Could Cannabidiol Be a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease-19-Related Anxiety Disorders?
O’Sullivan, S. E., Stevenson, C. W., & Laviolette, S. R. (2020) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2020.0102 · Cited by 37
“outbreak as moderate or severe, 17% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms, 29% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 8% reported moderate to severe stress levels.(18) Looking at the mental health effects of COVID-19 in younger peo-”
BackgroundJo, S.-H., Koo, B., Seo, W. S., Yun, S.-H., & Kim, H.-G. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152213 · Cited by 30
Qasim, M., Awan, U. A., Afzal, M., Saqib, M., Siddiqui, S., & Ahmed, H. (2020) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.106234 · Cited by 26
Ripoll, J., Contreras-Martos, S., Esteva, M., Soler, A., & Serrano-Ripoll, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10143191 · Cited by 25
“, symptoms of anxiety and depression) and made more consultations to improve their mood, a finding that is mirrored in various other studies [6,7,19,20,28,46,48].”
ResultKraut, R. E., Li, H. Z., & Zhu, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277562 · Cited by 28
Duong, T. V., Nguyen, M. H., Lai, C.-F., Chen, S., Dadaczynski, K., Okan, O., & Lin, C.-Y. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2101688 · Cited by 36
“lation [20,21], patients [22–24], healthcare workers”
Groarke, J. M., MacCormac, N., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., & Graham‐Wisener, L. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.10 · Cited by 28
“Some studies have found that loneliness, distress, and wellbeing have remained stable (Bu et al., 2020; Luchetti et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), whereas others have reported a worsening of outcomes from pre-to post-pandemic (Krendl & Perry, 2020; van Tilburg, Steinmetz, Stolte, van der Roest, &…”
Decision-making framework for identifying regions vulnerable to transmission of COVID-19 pandemic
Gupta, R., Rathore, B., Srivastava, A., & Biswas, B. N. (2022) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108207 · Cited by 38
“For instance, few studies identified that low humidity might have led to the easy transmission of COVID-19 (Auler et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Doğanülkü, H. A., Korkmaz, O., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00681-9 · Cited by 48
“Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected university students in many ways including both physical and mental health [41, 42].”
BackgroundLipert, A., Kozłowski, R., Timler, D., Marczak, M., Musiał, K., Rasmus, P., Kamecka, K., & Jegier, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115811 · Cited by 30
“Data from China suggests that about 25% of the general population have experienced moderate to severe levels of stressor anxiety-related symptoms in response to COVID-19 [7,8].”
Satran, C., Saleh, O. A., Mashiach‐Eizenberg, M., & Bord, S. (2021) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2021.1899139 · Cited by 28
“Perceived discrimination creates significantly increased responses of stress and is related to unhealthy behaviors and to the avoidance of healthy behaviors, which lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes (Paradies et al. 2015; Pascoe and Smart Richman 2009; Wang et al. 2020a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHayat, K., Haq, M. I. U., Wang, W., Khan, F. U., Rehman, A. U., Rasool, M. F., Kadirhaz, M., Omer, S., Malik, U. R., & Fang, Y. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1884274 · Cited by 30
Kikuchi, H., Machida, M., Nakamura, I., Saito, R., Odagiri, Y., Kojima, T., Watanabe, H., & Inoue, S. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.5 · Cited by 25
Barendse, M., Flannery, J. E., Cavanagh, C., Aristizabal, M., Becker, S. P., Berger, E., Breaux, R., Campione-Barr, N., Church, J. A., Crone, E. A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hn7us · Cited by 25
“…the pandemic included adolescents and adults from China and found no change in anxiety or depression symptoms from early February to March, when cases dramatically increased (although, only 19% of 1,738 participants had longitudinal data and no longitudinal analysis was done; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAl-Sabbah, S., Darwish, A., Fares, N., Barnes, J., & Almomani, J. A. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1875550 · Cited by 38
“This was confirmed by Wang et al. (2020a), who explored physical symptoms and health status, and their associations with mental health status.”
BackgroundPsychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Wuhan’s high school students
Yang, D., Swekwi, U., Tu, C.-C., & Dai, X.-Y. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105634 · Cited by 25
Yuan, L., Zhu, L., Chen, F., Cheng, Q., Yang, Q., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Y., Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., & Zha, X. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s269886 · Cited by 46
Jones, L., Vereschagin, M., Wang, A. Y., Munthali, R. J., Pei, J., Richardson, C. G., Halli, P., Xie, H. W., Rush, B. R., Yatham, L. N., et al. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221140375 · Cited by 33
Conteh, I., Yan, J., Dovi, K. S., Bajinka, O., Massey, I. Y., & Turay, B. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100082 · Cited by 37
“examinations, and uncertainty about graduations [67].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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