The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · cited 3×
“17 IES-R and DASS were previously used in research related to the COVID-19 epidemic. 8, 10, 18, 19”
Self-citationThe psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843 · cited 1×
“7 Recent mental health studies on COVID-19 were cross-sectional 8 , focusing on health professionals 9-11 or a particular age group 12 and lack of in-depth analysis to identify risk or protective factors for mental health.”
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307 · cited 1×
“13 Currently, there is no known information about the longitudinal change of mental health status throughout the COVID-19 epidemic and factors that would influence psychological impact and mental health status with the implementation of public health measures of such unprecedented magnitude.”
Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses
Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., Liu, C., & Yang, C. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031 · Cited by 2,046
Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202043 · Cited by 1,699 · cited 1×
“5 A recent study in China found that the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses.”
Self-citationKang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Xiang Yang, B., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028 · Cited by 1,516
Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic
Feng, S., Shen, C., Xia, N., Song, W., Fan, M., & Cowling, B. J. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30134-x · Cited by 1,443
Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore
Tan, B. Y. Q., Chew, N. W. S., Lee, G. K. H., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Yeo, L. L. L., Zhang, K., Chin, H.-K., Ahmad, A., Khan, F. A., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-1083 · Cited by 1,279
Self-citationLi, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., Bi, J., Zhan, G., Xu, X., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,223 · cited 1×
“6 As a result, governments and public health authorities urgently need guidance and actionable information on effective public health and psychological interventions that can safeguard the mental health of the general public.”
Liu, Y., Ho, R. C.-M., & Mak, A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.003 · Cited by 948 · cited 1×
“22 These cytokines were commonly found to be increased in major depressive disorder 23, 24 and functional somatic syndromes 25 .”
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Europe on Lockdown From COVID-19. Jewish Journal, 2020. (Accessed March 22, 2020, at https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/312317/europe-on-lockdown-from-covid-19/).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,009
COVID-19-Related Fear, Risk Perception, and Safety Behavior in Individuals with Diabetes
Musche, V., Dinse, H., Bäuerle, A., Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Fink, M., Schadendorf, T., Robitzsch, A., Dörrie, N., Tan, S., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040480 · Cited by 54
“Not only on the psychological burden on people increasing in the current situation, but the COVID-19 pandemic may also have a long-term effect on the population [11,12].”
BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on subthreshold depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study
Liao, Y., Fan, B. F., Zhang, H. M., Guo, L., Lee, Y. M., Wang, W., Li, W., Gong, M., Lui, L. M. W., Li, L. J., et al. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000044 · Cited by 57
Self-citationBonsaksen, T., Heir, T., Schou‐Bredal, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., & Grimholt, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249210 · Cited by 62
“and effective control of the epidemic [9,37].”
Hammarberg, K., Tran, T., Kirkman, M., & Fisher, J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042696 · Cited by 50
Casali, N., Feraco, T., Ghisi, M., & Meneghetti, C. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00321-w · Cited by 62
Wathelet, M., Fovet, T., Jousset, A., Duhem, S., Habran, E., Horn, M., Debien, C., Notredame, C.-E., Baubet, T., Vaiva, G., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01438-z · Cited by 50
Shek, D. T. L., Dou, D., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.857147 · Cited by 57
“In addition, a study involving 1,210 respondents from 194 cities in Mainland China found over half of the respondents had experienced moderate to severe negative psychological impacts of COVID-19 (43), with around 29% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms and 17% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundAlsyouf, A., Masa’deh, R. M. T., Albugami, M. A., Al‐Bsheish, M., Lutfi, A., & Alsubahi, N. (2021) · Risks · doi:10.3390/risks9100179 · Cited by 56
“Some researchers discussed the relationships between anxiety and different emotional symptoms and the COVID-19 (Alkhamees et al. 2020; Cao et al. 2020; Huang and Zhao 2020; Lai et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020a; Qiu et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, Y., Zhou, Y., Ru, T., Niu, J.-X., He, M., & Zhou, G.-F. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.008 · Cited by 49
“Besides, most of these longitudinal studies were conducted in the adult group [24,44,45] or the general population [46,48,51], less attention has been paid to the adolescents group.”
High incidence of hyperventilation syndrome after COVID-19
Taverne, J., Salvator, H., Leboulch, C., Barizien, N., Ballester, M., Imhaus, E., Chabi-Charvillat, M.-L., Boulin, A., Goyard, C., Chabrol, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-20-2753 · Cited by 49
“Since the current pandemic is a source of anxiety, this may explain the resurgence of HVS as a post-traumatic stress (10).”
BackgroundWang, D., Chen, H., Zhai, S., Zhu, Z., Huang, S., Zhou, X., Pan, Y., Meng, D., Yang, Z., Zhao, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.035 · Cited by 57
Skoda, E., Spura, A., Bock, F. D., Schweda, A., Dörrie, N., Fink, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Benecke, A.-V., Dinse, H., et al. (2021) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-021-03278-0 · Cited by 70
“Erste chinesische Beobachtungen zeigten anhaltend erhöhte psychische Belastungen, auch noch nach über einem Monat nach Pandemieausbruch [12].”
BackgroundLotzin, A., Krause, L., Acquarini, E., Ajduković, D., Ardino, V., Arnberg, F. K., Böttche, M., Bragesjö, M., Dragan, M., Figueiredo‐Braga, M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197 · Cited by 75
“One earlier study found that higher education was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms (Wang, Pan et al., 2020), another study reported no relationship between these variables (Jahanshahi, Dinani, Madavani, Li, & Zhang, 2020).”
Reported quality of life in countries with cases of COVID19: a systematic review
Melo-Oliveira, M. E. D. S., de Sá-Caputo, D. D. C., Bachur, J. A., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Sonza, A., Lacerda, A. C. R., Mendonça, V. A., Seixas, A., Taïar, R., & Bernardo-Filho, M. (2020) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2021.1826315 · Cited by 65
Increased psychological well-being after the apex of the COVID-19 pandemic
Sønderskov, K. M., Dinesen, P. T., Santini, Z., & Østergaard, S. (2020) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2020.26 · Cited by 49
“In another two-wave survey of mental health/distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, Wang et al. (2020) found no differences in the levels of stress, anxiety and depression in the Chinese population from wave 1 (31st January to 2nd February – shortly after the initial outbreak in China) to wave 2…”
BackgroundResultAljaberi, M. A. A., Al-Sharafi, M. A., Uzir, M. U. H., Sabah, A., Ali, A. M., Lee, K., Alsalahi, A., Noman, S., & Lin, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11172418 · Cited by 48
“Given the dynamic, complex, and extensive nature of the COVID-19 pandemic-related influence [30], mixed-method approach, which involves collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data, would offer a more comprehensive understanding of the psychological experiences and the associated mental health outcomes a…”
MethodThe role of financial stress in mental health changes during COVID-19
Simonse, O., DIJK, W. W. V., van Dillen, L. F., & van Dijk, E. (2022) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00016-5 · Cited by 69
Roche, A. I., Holdefer, P. J., & Thomas, E. B. K. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03193-w · Cited by 48
“Given the prevalence of mental health struggles in college students generally (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010) and that the pandemic has been shown to have a negative impact on psychological functioning (Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), it is important to examine the mental health of college students in the conte…”
Dogra, N., Bakshi, S., & Gupta, A. (2022) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-02-2021-0066 · Cited by 64
Engelbrecht, M., Heunis, C., & Kigozi, G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157919 · Cited by 62
“Our overall mean score of PTSD was similar to that reported for the general population in China in January to March 2020 [48].”
ResultÇam, H. H., Top, F. Ü., & Ayyıldız, T. K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01674-y · Cited by 57
Mégalakaki, O., Kokou‐Kpolou, C. K., Vaudé, J., Park, S., Iorfa, S. K., Cénat, J. M., & Dérivois, D. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.035 · Cited by 58
Clotworthy, A., Dissing, A., Nguyen, T.-L., Jensen, A. K., Andersen, T., Bilsteen, J. F., Elsenburg, L., Keller, A., Kusumastuti, S., Mathisen, J., et al. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820956445 · Cited by 48
Podder, I., Agarwal, K., & Datta, S. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13788 · Cited by 52
Chaudhary, A. P., Sonar, N. S., TR, J., Banerjee, M., & Yadav, S. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/28158 · Cited by 48
“Similarly, Wang et al [8] found moderate to severe anxiety, depression, and stress among the Chinese population.”
BackgroundBäuerle, A., Graf, J., Jansen, C., Musche, V., Schweda, A., Hetkamp, M., Weismüller, B., Dörrie, N., Junne, F., Teufel, M., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039646 · Cited by 47
Grazzani, I., Agliati, A., Cavioni, V., Conte, E., Gandellini, S., Spagnolo, M. L., Ornaghi, V., Rossi, F. M., Cefai, C., Bartolo, P. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.801761 · Cited by 72
Rogowska, A. M., Ochnik, D., Kuśnierz, C., Chilicka, K., Jakubiak, M., Paradowska, M., Głazowska, L., Bojarski, D., Fijołek, J., Podolak, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03615-2 · Cited by 69
Mental health solutions for domestic violence victims amid COVID-19: a review of the literature
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Roth, S. C., Li, Q., Šegalo, S., Shi, F., & Wagers, S. M. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00710-7 · Cited by 57
Sachser, C., Olaru, G., Pfeiffer, E., Brähler, E., Clemens, V., Rassenhofer, M., Witt, A., & Fegert, J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113954 · Cited by 47
Lateef, R., Alaggia, R., & Collin‐Vézina, D. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106002 · Cited by 68
Cheema, M., Mitrev, N., Hall, L., Tiongson, M., Ahlenstiel, G., & Kariyawasam, V. C. (2021) · BMJ Open Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000581 · Cited by 60
Srivastava, A. K., Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, A. C., Shamim, R., & Sinha, P. (2020) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204763 · Cited by 50
Masha’al, D., Shahrour, G., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08734 · Cited by 82
Tyra, A. T., Griffin, S. M., Fergus, T. A., & Ginty, A. T. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102411 · Cited by 57
“Hahm, 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Rajkumar, 2020; Restubog, Ocampo, & Wang, 2020; Rossi et al., 2020; Wang, Pan, Wan, Tan, Xu, McIntyre et al., 2020).”
Nayak, B., Sahu, P. K., Ramsaroop, K., Maharaj, S., Mootoo, W., Khan, S., & Extavour, R. M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044397 · Cited by 70
Wang, C., Song, W., Hu, X., Yan, S., Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Chen, W. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03108-2 · Cited by 55
“Our findings suggesting that more educated population had higher level of mental health problems was not consistent with previous study that lower education level was significantly associated with higher risk of psychiatric disorders [26, 27].”
ResultSelf-citationYu, Y., She, R., Luo, S., Xin, M., Li, L., Wang, S., Ma, L., Tao, F., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., et al. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/22705 · Cited by 55
“The duration of staying at home during the CNY was protective against depression, which has not been reported in the global literature (except one general population study that found a nonsignificant result [15]).”
InfluentialAgyapong, V. I. O., Hrabok, M., Vuong, W., Gusnowski, A., Shalaby, R., Mrklas, K., Li, D., Urichuk, L., Snaterse, M., Surood, S., et al. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/19292 · Cited by 55
“Over half of survey respondents in China rated the psychological impact of COVID-19 as moderate or severe, with 29% reporting significant anxiety symptoms and 17% reporting significant depressive symptoms [5]; these symptoms persisted after 4 weeks of the COVID-19 epidemic [6].”
BackgroundHassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Navaei, R., & Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20089292 · Cited by 46
“Females, students, and those with physical symptoms and poor health had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression (22) .”
BackgroundCOVID-19: Implicações e aplicações da Psicologia Positiva em tempos de pandemia
Zanon, C., Zanon, L. L. D., Weschler, S. M., Fabretti, R. R., & da Rocha, K. N. (2020) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/scielopreprints.99 · Cited by 46
John, A., Lee, S. C., Solomon, S., Crepaz-Keay, D., McDaid, S., Morton, A., Davidson, G., Van Bortel, T., & Kousoulis, A. A. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048123 · Cited by 45
Fernández, R. S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N. M., Allegri, R., Picco, S., & Pedreira, M. E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09663-2 · Cited by 52
Kok, A. A. L., Pan, K., Ottenheim, N. R., Jörg, F., Eikelenboom, M., Horsfall, M., Luteijn, R. A., van Oppen, P., Rhebergen, D., Schoevers, R. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.056 · Cited by 60
“However, longitudinal studies often found no or little change in symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to pre-pandemic levels (Connor et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), or observed that an initial increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms quickly waned off after the first wave of infections and deaths abated (F…”
Kukreti, S., Ahorsu, D. K., Strong, C., Chen, I.-H., Lin, C.-Y., Ko, N.-Y., Griffiths, M., Chen, Y.-P., Kuo, Y.-J., & Pakpour, A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101288 · Cited by 45
“psychological problems such as psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress) [2,3], fear [4], death distress [5,6], and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) [5].”
BackgroundAlam, M. D., Lü, J., Ni, L., Hu, S., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707342 · Cited by 55
“A recent study found that inadequate details (59) or misinformation on COVID-19 (60) was associated with poorer mental health (61).”
BackgroundFenollar-Cortés, J., Jiménez, Ó., Ruiz‐García, A., & Resurrección, D. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682860 · Cited by 54
Girma, A., Ayalew, E., & Mesafint, G. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s308394 · Cited by 56
“1% of the general population suffered from moderate to severe stress.(28) These discrepancies may be explained by differences in the study populations, and health-care workers having first-hand medical information about the outbreak, disease characteristics, and mechanisms of prevention.”
BackgroundAmendola, S., von Wyl, A., Volken, T., Zysset, A. E., Huber, M., & Dratva, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643171 · Cited by 65
Mifsud, À., Pehlivan, M. J., Fam, P., O'Grady, M., van Steensel, A., Elder, E., Gilchrist, J., & Sherman, K. (2021) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2021.1929236 · Cited by 45
“Despite data collection occurring during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (March to July, 2020), a time of increased rates of psychopathology formany (Wang et al., 2020), the sample were remarkably well adjusted.”
BackgroundHow the Coronavirus Lockdown Impacts the Impoverished in India
Agoramoorthy, G., & Hsu, M. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00905-5 · Cited by 45
Garre‐Olmo, J., Garriga, O. T., Martí‐Lluch, R., Zacarías‐Pons, L., Alves‐Cabratosa, L., Serrano-Sarbosa, D., Franch, J. V., Ramos, R., Manté, X. A., Casedevall, J. B., et al. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152214 · Cited by 48
Feei, Z., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Li, X., Li, Y., Liu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020935489 · Cited by 52
Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a scoping reviewPreprint
Bandyopadhyay, S., Baticulon, R., Kadhum, M., Alser, M., Ojuka, D. K., Badereddin, Y., Kamath, A., Parepalli, S., Brown, G., Iharchane, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.20119594 · Cited by 45
“HCWs must be offered flexible working hours to avoid overwork, and psychological intervention plans must be implemented to help HCWs in coping with physical and psychological stress (38).”
BackgroundParvar, S. Y., Ghamari, N., Pezeshkian, F., & Shahriarirad, R. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.460 · Cited by 52
“health information were recognized as protective factors for mental health.(83) As the present study was conducted at the time of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, further longitudinal measure-”
BackgroundPsychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review
Campos-Garzón, C., Riquelme-Gallego, B., de la Torre-Luque, A., & Caparrós-González, R. (2021) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs11120181 · Cited by 44
“In particular, psychological impairment was found to be more prevalent among vulnerable groups, including pregnant women [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialOwen, A., Tran, T. D., Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & Fisher, J. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020003833 · Cited by 66
Drissi, N., Ouhbi, S., Idrissi, M. A. J., & Ghogho, M. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104243 · Cited by 57
Tran, B. X., Nguyen, H. T., Pham, H. Q., Le, H. T., Vu, G. T., Latkin, C., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2020) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104867 · Cited by 44
Self-citationLi, Q. (2020) · QJM: An International Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa226 · Cited by 43
Leong Bin Abdullah, M. F. I., Ahmad Yusof, H., Mohd Shariff, N., Hami, R., Nisman, N. F., & Law, K. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01492-2 · Cited by 43
Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications
Mirzaye, S., & Mohiuddin, M. (2025) · Journal of Risk and Financial Management · doi:10.3390/jrfm18080421 · Cited by 86
Tran, B. X., Hoang, M. T., Vo, L. H., Le, H. T., Nguyen, T. H., Vu, G. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564452 · Cited by 43
“In such exceptionally challenging times, over 200 countries and territories have been suffering from an acute shortage of medical personnel and medical equipment (1, 2).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSinha, C., Meheli, S., & Kadaba, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41913 · Cited by 43
“The COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact on mental health outcomes worldwide [1-5].”
BackgroundTan, J. S. Q., Fung, W., Tan, B. S. W., Low, J. Y., Syn, N. L. X., Goh, Y. X., & Pang, J. (2021) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100343 · Cited by 47
“5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms [8,9].”
Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Xu, D. R., Li, X., Xie, Y. J., Sun, W. J., Lee, E. K. P., Yip, B. H. K., Xiao, S., & Wong, S. Y.-S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259012 · Cited by 52
“Another study found that higher trust in doctors, perceived survival possibility, low risk of infection, health information satisfaction, and personal preventive measures were the protective factors for poor mental health [42].”
BackgroundHou, W. K., Lee, T., Liang, L., Li, T.-W., Liu, H.-N., Tong, H., Ben-Ezra, M., & Goodwin, R. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01279-w · Cited by 43
Goodwin, R. B., Wiwattanapantuwong, J., Tuicomepee, A., Suttiwan, P., Watakakosol, R., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.025 · Cited by 52
Alsalhe, T. A., Aljaloud, S. O., Chalghaf, N., Guelmami, N., Alhazza, D. W., Azaiez, F., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570085 · Cited by 49
Mallett, R., Coyle, C., Kuang, Y., & Gillanders, D. T. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.09.003 · Cited by 46
Somma, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Gialdi, G., Colanino, M., Ferlito, D., Liotta, C., Frau, C., & Fossati, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.165 · Cited by 42
Mladenović, D., Todua, N., & Pavlović-Höck, N. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.101966 · Cited by 50
Muro, A., Canedo, C. M., Parrado, E., Subirana-Malaret, M., Moya, M., Garriga, A., Canals, J., Lusar, A. C., & Sanz, A. (2023) · European Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1007/s10342-023-01531-6 · Cited by 46
“In any case, this study encourages further research and implementations of FB in other European forested areas as a costeffective public-health strategy to cope with the increasing mental health problems after the pandemic among urban populations, especially among women (Antonelli et al. 2019; Dubey et al. 2020; Muro…”
Impact of COVID-19 First Wave on Psychological and Psychosocial Dimensions: A Systematic Review
Filindassi, V., Pedrini, C., Sabadini, C., Duradoni, M., & Guazzini, A. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2030022 · Cited by 56
“, planning, religion) [74,245], internal locus of control [74], perception of being able to avoid the virus [74], satisfaction with life [237], personality traits (high agreeableness, high conscientiousness, high emotional stability and high extroversion) [74], less exposure to COVID-19 [233,273], and agreed/confidenc…”
BackgroundInfluentialAlHadi, A. N., & Alhuwaydi, A. M. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1947839 · Cited by 56
Dutta, A., Sharma, A., Torres‐Castro, R., Pachori, H., & Mishra, S. (2021) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1029_20 · Cited by 67
“[47] This makes it easier to determine that the symptoms are mainly due to the professional work of health workers and may have less to do with the measures of confinement and general quarantine taken by governments.”
Gori, A., Topino, E., Palazzeschi, L., & Fabio, A. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251984 · Cited by 46
Zhang, Z., Feng, Y., Song, R., Yang, D., & Duan, X. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00694-4 · Cited by 42
“Discussion This study demonstrated that at least one third of hospitalized patients exhibited symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSS/PTSD and that the prevalence is much higher than that in the general population (approximately 20%) [36].”
BackgroundReizer, A., Koslowsky, M., & Geffen, L. (2020) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2020.1829626 · Cited by 60
Kunzler, A. M., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Stoll, M., Mancini, A. L., Lehmann, S., Blessin, M., Gilan, D., Helmreich, I., Hufert, F., & Lieb, K. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244748 · Cited by 41
Development of the COVID-19-Anxiety Questionnaire and first psychometric testing
Petzold, M. B., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Maricic, L. M., Rogoll, J., Betzler, F., Große, J., & Ströhle, A. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.82 · Cited by 41
Liu, L., Pang, L., Wu, H., Hafeez, M., & Salahodjaev, R. (2023) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-023-01417-x · Cited by 48
“The primary independent variable is the environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, and data on this index comes from the OECD, which is previously used by some studies such Wang et al. (2020) and Ahmed and Ahmed (2018).”
MethodShould I buy or not? Revisiting the concept and measurement of panic buying
Cham, T., Cheng, B. L., Lee, Y.-H., & Cheah, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03089-9 · Cited by 54
“The resulting impulsive consumption and extreme panic buying are motivated by their need to retain perceived dominance in that aspect of life (Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Nationwide Study of Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile
Duarte, F., & Jiménez-Molina, Á. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.744204 · Cited by 56
“Several studies have suggested that younger people may be particularly affected by social contact deprivation, since they are in a period of life characterized by a greater need for peer interaction (2, 13).”
BackgroundCai, H. X., Xi, H., Zhu, Q., Wang, Z., Han, L., Liu, S., Bai, W., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Ge, Z., et al. (2021) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13216 · Cited by 48
“Internet was an important source of health information during the COVID‐19 pandemic.(22,23) It also included a great deal of misinformation about COVID‐19, particularly in the early stage of the pandemic, which, together with the fast spread of the novel virus, lack of effective treatment, and relatively high death ra…”
BackgroundTo fear the unknown: Covid-19 confinement, fear, and food choice
Gómez‐Corona, C., Rakotosamimanana, V. R., Sáenz‐Navajas, M., Rodrigues, H., Franco‐Luesma, E., Saldaña, E., & Valentin, D. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104251 · Cited by 44
“These human effects have already been documented, for example Wang et al. (2020) reported elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among the Chinese population during the first outbreak, with no significant reductions in anxiety and depression levels four weeks later at its peak.”
BackgroundRisk perceptions of COVID-19 and its impact on precautionary behavior: A qualitative study
Alqahtani, M., Arnout, B. A., Fadhel, F. H., & Sufyan, N. S. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.025 · Cited by 41
Exercise Behavior and Mood during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Lessons for the Future
Chang, Y., Hung, C., Timme, S., Nosrat, S., & Chu, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197092 · Cited by 44
Pilot study of a well-being app to support New Zealand young people during the COVID-19 pandemic
Serlachius, A., Boggiss, A., Lim, D., Schache, K., Wallace-Boyd, K., Brenton-Peters, J., Buttenshaw, E., Chadd, S., Cavadino, A., Cao, N., et al. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100464 · Cited by 35
“…showing young people’s mental health has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (Pierce et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020b; O’Connor et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a) and the lack of currently empirically validated, widely-available options for mental health support.”
The impact of media on children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review
Mesce, M., Ragona, A., Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12489 · Cited by 56
“Television has had a signi fi cant impact during this period of isolation because everyone has it in the home: greater and more constant access to information regarding the pandemic has been positively related to symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as PTSD (Wang et al., 2020b; Xiong et al., 2020).”
Nearchou, F., & Douglas, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168485 · Cited by 35
Gori, A., & Topino, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115651 · Cited by 40
“These results further enrich the ones of Wang and colleagues [19], which reported no significant longitudinal changes in stress in Chinese participants (from 3 January to 1 March 2020).”
BackgroundResultCastañer, M. E. C., Hidalgo-Andrade, P., & Cañas‐Lerma, A. J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050515 · Cited by 52
“, confinement, increased responsibilities at home, economic instability, possible risk, or fear of contagion) can negatively influence the mental health [40] of people within the epidemiological fence [41] and in the general population [42].”
BackgroundQiu, D., Li, Y., Li, L., He, J., Ouyang, F., & Xiao, S. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.24 · Cited by 57
“Wang [50] F General population 98/1,210 1 / 32.”
Takahashi, F., & Honda, H. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1111/jcv2.12007 · Cited by 53
Armour, C., McGlinchey, E., Butter, S., McAloney‐Kocaman, K., & McPherson, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09841-4 · Cited by 66
“Moreover, recent research from the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak in China has suggested that there has been a significant psychological impact on the general population (Qiu et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAljaberi, M. A. A., Alareqe, N. A., Alsalahi, A., Qasem, M. A., Noman, S., Uzir, M. U. H., Mohammed, L. A., Abiddine, F. Z. E., Lin, C., Abdallah, A. M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277368 · Cited by 49
“reported that the pandemic’s psychological impact on females was more significant than on males [34].”
BackgroundAntino, M., Ruíz-Zorrilla, P., Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., Pérez, J., & Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A. (2022) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2022.2049251 · Cited by 83
“Accordingly, we decided to study two strain outcomes that have been documented during the COVID-19 crisis (Wang et al., 2020), and are considered common short-term responses to acute stressors but also can evolve in subsequent disorders (Buysse et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPlatania, S., Morando, M., Caruso, A., & Scuderi, V. (2022) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety8030062 · Cited by 39
Chang, C. I., Sit, H. F., Chao, T., Chen, C., Shen, J., Cao, B., Montag, C., Elhai, J. D., & Hall, B. J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03133-8 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
