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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Cites
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BackgroundInfluentialDuan, H., Yan, L., Ding, X., Gan, Y., Kohn, N., & Wu, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113396 · Cited by 97
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“[5], for example, surveyed the general population in China during the initial outbreak”
BackgroundElran‐Barak, R., & Mozeikov, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155403 · Cited by 120
“In line with the current findings, Wang et al. (2020) reported that respondents staying in a household with three or more people one month into the COVID-19 outbreak had significantly higher posttraumatic stress disorder scores compared to respondents who lived alone [49].”
BackgroundResultTu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Bi, Y., Lu, X., Kong, Y., Wang, L., Lu, Z., & Hu, L. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01223-w · Cited by 100
“These results contrasted the previous findings based on the general public; as per the general populations, results showed a statistically significant longitudinal reduction of PTSS after COVID-19 outbreak [20].”
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“Authors concluded that the prevalence of moderate to severe depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress in the general population is at 16.5%, 28.8% and 8.1% respectively (Wang et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLenzo, V., Quattropani, M. C., Musetti, A., Zenesini, C., Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Vegni, E., Borghi, L., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485 · Cited by 94
Rodríguez-Fernández, P., González‐Santos, J., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., Cámara, R. S., Sánchez-González, E., & Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126528 · Cited by 97
“[50] observed a significant increase in PTSD levels over time.”
BackgroundInfluentialZheng, R., Zhou, Y., Qiu, M., Yan, Y., Yue, J., Yu, L., Lei, X., Tu, D., & Hu, Y. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152217 · Cited by 117
“Several studies indicated that the past medical history was associated with/increased risk of depression and/or anxiety [11,15,40,41]; however, the underlying disease was excluded from the multivariable logistic regression model, although it did have a significant association with depression, anxiety, and stress in un…”
Ferrando, S., Klepacz, L., Lynch, S. T., Shahar, S., Dornbush, R., Smiley, A., Miller, I., Tavakkoli, M., Regan, J., & Bartell, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.029 · Cited by 94
Akdeniz, G., Kavakcı, M., Gozugok, M., Yalcinkaya, S., Küçükay, A., & Şahutoğulları, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695 · Cited by 110
“Recent research has indicated that the delay in academicactivitieswas related to the emergenceof anxiety symptoms with university students in China (28).”
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“This result is consistent with that reported in other studies during the COVID-19 outbreak [4,22].”
Choi, E., Lee, J.-H., & Lee, S. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1833383 · Cited by 92
“These findings corroborate previous findings that the COVID-related thoughts can have detrimental associations with one’s mental well-being (Lee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultEffect of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Big Five Personality on Subjective and Psychological Well-Being
Anglim, J., & Horwood, S. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620983047 · Cited by 134
“Several studies have assessed well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic either cross-sectionally (e.g., Evans et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; Qian & Yahara, 2020; Zhao et al., 2020) or longitudinally (e.g., Recchi et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“Study, Year (Reference) Internet gaming disorder Chen et al, 2020 (46) Problematic smartphone application use Chen et al, 2020 (46) Problematic social media use Chen et al, 2020 (46) Psychological distress van der Velden et al, 2020 (30) Schäfer et al, 2020 (44) Chen et al, 2020 (46) Kikuchi et al, 2020 (36) Meseguer…”
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“8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (24).”
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“From these studies it is clear that individual differences can play a significant role in mitigating the negative mental effects of the pandemic (15, 17, 18).”
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“This study did not explore the use of face mask as preventive measures which was found to be associated with lower prevalence of depression (7) but cannot be used during PE.”
MethodPsychological Variables Related to Adaptation to the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain
Morales-Vives, F., Dueñas, J.-M., Vigil‐Colet, A., & Camarero‐Figuerola, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565634 · Cited by 101
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“These measures, along with fear of the pandemic and disruption in people’s lives have significant mental health implications [4].”
BackgroundChanges in Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Longitudinal Study
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“included a survey at two time points to determine the impact of mental health; however, their study recruited different individuals in each of the two surveys and therefore could not assess inter-personal changes in psychological distress.(10) To the best of our knowledge, no longitudinal studies have yet investigated…”
BackgroundRepišti, S., Jovanović, N., Kuzman, M., Medved, S., Jerotic, S., Ribic, E., Majstorović, T., Simoska, S., Novotni, L., Milutinović, M., et al. (2020) · Global Psychiatry · doi:10.2478/gp-2020-0016 · Cited by 90
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Self-citationDynamics of psychological responses to COVID-19 in India: A longitudinal study
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“highlights that 297 China recorded substantial improvements in curbing the spread of the virus through their rapid 298 decisive measures and the greater number of recovered patients, which might have instilled greater 299 confidence in their public health measures among the Chinese, thus avoiding a worsening of the 30…”
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Monitoring Depression Trends on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study
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“Furthermore, a recent longitudinal study on the mental health of the Chinese population during the pandemic has found that dissemination of health information via radio was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, and suggested television and the internet as alternatives [23].”
BackgroundTendency to worry and fear of mental health during Italy's COVID-19 lockdown
Baiano, C., Zappullo, I., the LabNPEE Group, & Conson, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165928 · Cited by 87
“The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the appearance of emotional distress and psychopathology [32].”
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“In addition, frontline workers with lower annual family income are more likely to experience negative emotions, which is consistent with an earlier study (Jing Wang, 2020).”
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“Wang et al [13,14] measured DASS-21 scores twice at the beginning and at the peak of the pandemic in China and found increased anxiety in nearly 30% of participants; yet no longitudinal increases were noted.”
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“effects as compared to males during COVID-19 pandemic.(68,69) In addition, similar results were reported by”
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“1% experienced modest to extreme levels of stress [3].”
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“12–21 demonstrate a higher psychological impact of COVID‐19 in China.(6) A phenomenological study has shown that college students have developed negative emotions, confusion and pessimism, sleep problems, fear, concerns about family health, economic, and social concerns because of COVID‐19.”
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“Studies of the general population of China have found significantly higher prevalence rates of depression and anxiety (Gao et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020a, 2020b).”
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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health among 157,213 Americans
Yarrington, J. S., Lasser, J., García, D., Vargas, J. H., Couto, D. D., Marafon, T., Craske, M. G., & Niles, A. N. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.056 · Cited by 111
“, 2020) and have rarely included more than a few time points (Kwong et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWang, C., López-Núñez, M. I., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Choo, F., Ho, R., Ho, C. S. H., & García, M. E. A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/27818 · Cited by 98
“This study used a questionnaire with psychometric properties established at the beginning and peak of the COVID-19 epidemic [3,15].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDeng, C.-H., Wang, J.-Q., Zhu, L.-M., Liu, H.-W., Guo, Y., Peng, X., Shao, J., & Xia, W. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21301 · Cited by 100
“The comparison between the mean (SD) values in our study and Wang’s study [15] is as follows: for the depression subscale, 2.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFor the Greater Good? The Devastating Ripple Effects of the Covid-19 Crisis
Schippers, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577740 · Cited by 105
“The lockdown in many countries can have quite severe side effects on the physical and mental health of people (Brooks et al., 2020; for reviews see Jeong et al., 2016; Torales et al., 2020; Wang C. et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSherman, A. C., Williams, M. L., Amick, B. C., Hudson, T. J., & Messias, E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113476 · Cited by 93
“Indications of heightened psychosocial morbidity are consistent with findings from earlier studies conducted in the more immediate aftermath of the outbreak in other countries (Bäuerle et al. 2020b; Forte et al., 2020; Gonzaelz-Sanguino et al., 2020; Huang and Zhao, 2020; Petzold et al., 2020; Ren et al. 2020; Rossi e…”
Covid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents
Montano, R. L. T., & Acebes, K. M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.773 · Cited by 92
“Some of the COVID and mental health studies looked at posttraumatic stress symptoms (e.g. Liu et al., 2020) while some incorporated other disorders as well (e.g. Wang et al., 2020a,b).”
BackgroundLosada‐Baltar, A., Martínez‐Huertas, J. Á., Jiménez‐Gonzalo, L., Pedroso‐Chaparro, M. D. S., Gallego‐Alberto, L., Fernándes-Pires, J., & Márquez‐González, M. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab012 · Cited by 87
Mautong, H., Gallardo-Rumbea, J. A., Alvarado-Villa, G., Fernández‐Cadena, J. C., Andrade-Molina, D., Orellana-Román, C., & Chérrez-Ojeda, I. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03214-1 · Cited by 100
“A more favorable perception of health was associated with a reduced psychological impact [9, 19].”
BackgroundFioretti, C., Palladino, B. E., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599531 · Cited by 112
Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Domínguez‐Salas, S., Romero‐Martín, M., Ortega‐Moreno, M., García‐Iglesias, J. J., & Ruíz-Frutos, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12176855 · Cited by 86
“Regarding COVID-19 symptoms, the participating professionals had a mean of two symptoms, and the most common one was headache, which coincides with previous studies conducted on healthcare professionals [27], although it differs from the results obtained from the general population [30,48].”
ResultDemand for Health Information on COVID-19 among Vietnamese
Le, H. T., Nguyen, D. N., Beydoun, A. S., Le, X. T. T., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q. T., Ta, N. T. K., Nguyen, Q. T., Nguyễn, A. N., Hoang, M. T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124377 · Cited by 96
“One month after the outbreak, high satisfaction with health information was significantly associated with lower psychological impact, stress, anxiety, or depression scores [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHung, T. M., Nong, V. M., Nguyen, C. T., Dong, K. P., Hoa, N. T., Doan, T. T., Thu, N. D., Nguyen, T. H. T., Do, T. V., Co, D. X., et al. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s280749 · Cited by 111
Ammar, N., Aly, N. M., Foláyan, M. O., Khader, Y. S., Virtanen, J. I., Al-Batayneh, O. B., Mohebbi, S. Z., Attia, S., Howaldt, H.-P., Boettger, S., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239961 · Cited by 99
Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A. A. A., Elgzairi, M., Alhashimi, A., Bouhuwaish, A. E. M., Biala, M. I., Abuelmeda, S., Khel, S., Khaled, A., Alsoufi, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110221 · Cited by 93
“Doctors in Libya will benefit from trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy [44] and mindfulness-based therapy [45].”
Screen time as an index of family distressPreprint
Hartshorne, J. K., Huang, Y.-T., Oppenheimer, K., Robbins, P. T., Molina, M., & Aulestia, P. M. L. P. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zqc4t · Cited by 78
Sasaki, N., Kuroda, R., Tsuno, K., & Kawakami, N. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3922 · Cited by 84
“COVID-19 cases (18).”
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F.-F. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.20120923 · Cited by 78
Work stressors, coping strategies, and poor mental health in the Chinese construction industry
Zhang, S., Sunindijo, R. Y., Frimpong, S., & Su, Z. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.106039 · Cited by 109
McPherson, K. E., McAloney‐Kocaman, K., McGlinchey, E., Faeth, P. C., & Armour, C. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114138 · Cited by 87
Ding, K., Yang, J. G., Chin, M.-K., Sullivan, L., Demirhan, G., Violant, V., Uvinha, R. R., Dai, J., Xu, X., Popeska, B., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052686 · Cited by 116
“The long-term effects of COVID-19 are unknown, although experts suggest that the pandemic may have long-lasting physical and mental health consequences [14].”
BackgroundErquicia, J. I., Valls, L., Barja, A., Gil-González, S., Miquel, J., Leal‐Blanquet, J., Schmidt, C., Checa, J., & Vega, D. (2020) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2020.07.010 · Cited by 88
Woon, L. S.-C., Sidi, H., Nik Jaafar, N. R., & Leong Bin Abdullah, M. F. I. (2020) · doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0422.v1 · Cited by 76
“This indicated the importance of obtaining sufficient information regarding COVID-19, particularly in one’s neighborhood, as this may play a role in reducing the odds of anxiety [31-33].”
BackgroundHajek, A., Sabat, I., Neumann‐Böhme, S., Schreyögg, J., Barros, P. P., Stargardt, T., & König, H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.029 · Cited by 80
Groarke, J. M., McGlinchey, E., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., Berry, E., Graham‐Wisener, L., & Armour, C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.033 · Cited by 96
“There was no significant change in loneliness and depression over the three study timepoints, consistent with some international research (Bu et al., 2020; Fancourt et al., 2020; Luchetti et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Knolle, F., Ronan, L., & Murray, G. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.20182980 · Cited by 75
Stallard, P., Pereira, A. I., & Barros, L. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1 · Cited by 75
Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Crocetti, E., Tossani, E., & Grandi, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.067 · Cited by 74
Martinotti, G., Alessi, M. C., Natale, C. D., Sociali, A., Ceci, F., Lucidi, L., Picutti, E., Carlo, F. D., Corbo, M., Vellante, F., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.572245 · Cited by 76
Psychological distress in Nepalese residents during COVID-19 pandemic: a community level survey
Shrestha, D. B., Thapa, B. B., Katuwal, N., Shrestha, B., Pant, C., Basnet, B., Mandal, P., Gurung, A., Agrawal, A., & Rouniyar, R. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02904-6 · Cited by 53
“The rate of psychological stress range from 8 to 28% with female preponderance [10].”
BackgroundMcKune, S. L., Acosta, D., Diaz, N., Brittain, K., Beaulieu, D. J., Maurelli, A. T., & Nelson, E. J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10540-2 · Cited by 73
The Journey of the Default Mode Network: Development, Function, and Impact on Mental Health
Azarias, F. R., Almeida, G. H. D. R., de Melo, L. F., Rici, R. E. G., & Maria, D. A. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14040395 · Cited by 103
Fang, Y., Ji, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., Ge, Y., Xie, Y., & Liu, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16328-7 · Cited by 85
Larivière‐Bastien, D., Aubuchon, O., Blondin, A., Dupont, D., Libenstein, J., Séguin, F., Tremblay, A., Zarglayoun, H., Herba, C. M., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2022) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12998 · Cited by 117
Beutel, M. E., Hettich, N., Ernst, M., Schmutzer, G., Tibubos, A. N., & Brähler, E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94434-8 · Cited by 80
Alat, P., Das, S. S., Arora, A., & Jha, A. K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01516-x · Cited by 81
Gündoğan, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01525-w · Cited by 93
Marques, G., Drissi, N., Díez, I. D. L. T., de Abajo, B. S., & Ouhbi, S. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104369 · Cited by 87
Salfi, F., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., D’Atri, A., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab080 · Cited by 79
“However, evidence on the time course of sleep disturbances during the extended period of restraining measures is scarce [7, 8].”
BackgroundChen, H., Sun, L., Du, Z., Zhao, L., & Wang, L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15444 · Cited by 91
“…skills, stress-reduction strategies (mindfulness, deep breathing, gratitude), self-administered acupressure, and emotional freedom techniques (derived from key principles within traditional Chinese medicine) may be effective strategies to improve mental health(Ho, Chee, & Ho,2020;Wang et al.,2020).”
MethodResultAnxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R., Martinez, A. P., & Vallières, F. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8yqxr · Cited by 580
Experiences and emotional strain of NHS frontline workers during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic
Newman, K. L., Jeve, Y. B., & Majumder, P. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640211006153 · Cited by 72
“Wang et al. (2020a) found that lower levels of stress, depression and anxiety were associated with health information (e.g. treatment availability, local outbreak situation), perceived low risk of contracting COVID19 and survival likelihood, high confidence in doctors, and personal precautionary…”
BackgroundAljaberi, M. A. A., Lee, K., Alareqe, N. A., Qasem, M. A., Alsalahi, A., Abdallah, A. M., Noman, S., Al‐Tammemi, A. B., Ibrahim, M. I. M., & Lin, C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10101858 · Cited by 74
“Although the IES-R was first introduced in the 1990s by Weiss and Marmar [42], it surprisingly has generated little evaluation of the psychometric properties and construct validity of the scale, during either this pandemic or previous traumatic events [5,23,48,54,61].”
MethodWilliams, L., Rollins, L., Young, D., Fleming, L., Grealy, M., Janssen, X., Kirk, A. F., MacDonald, B., & Flowers, P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244873 · Cited by 81
“For example, there is emerging evidence concerning the amplification of pre-existing health inequalities [1–3], both overall [4, 5], and in sub-population specific groups [6] (e.”
BackgroundDepression, anxiety, and academic performance in COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
Barbosa‐Camacho, F. J., Romero-Limón, O. M., Ibarrola‐Peña, J. C., Almanza-Mena, Y. L., Pintor‐Belmontes, K. J., Sánchez‐López, V. A., Chejfec‐Ciociano, J. M., Guzmán-Ramírez, B. G., Sapién-Fernández, J. H., Guzmán-Ruvalcaba, M. J., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04062-3 · Cited by 85
“Furthermore, major outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, have been linked to psychological distress [1], fear [6–8], anxiety [9], and even a novel disorder called coronaphobia [10, 11].”
BackgroundPerceived stress among university students in Oman during COVID-19-induced e-learning
Malik, M., & Javed, S. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00131-7 · Cited by 100
Salfi, F., Lauriola, M., D'Atri, A., Amicucci, G., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90993-y · Cited by 70
Psychological Effects of Social Isolation Due to Quarantine in Chile: An Exploratory Study
Dagnino, P., Anguita, V., Escobar, K., & Cifuentes, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591142 · Cited by 95
Savarese, G., Curcio, L., D’Elia, D., Fasano, O., & Pecoraro, N. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8040440 · Cited by 75
“[54] compared the dietary intake of university students interviewed in 2019 and during Covid-19.”
ResultCOVID-19-related Traumatic Effects and Psychological Reactions among International Students
Song, B., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.2991/jegh.k.201016.001 · Cited by 86
“Further, students were also likely to experience fear of becoming ill or dying themselves, feelings of helplessness, and stigma [9,10].”
Mrklas, K., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Vuong, W., Surood, S., Urichuk, L., Li, D., Li, X., Greenshaw, A. J., et al. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/22408 · Cited by 139
“These authors found that handwashing behavior was linked to lower mental health symptom scores, suggesting they had a protective effect during the early stages of the pandemic [15].”
InfluentialChutiyami, M., Bello, U. M., Salihu, D., Ndwiga, D. W., Kolo, M. A., Maharaj, R., Naidoo, K., Devar, L., Pratitha, P., & Kannan, P. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104211 · Cited by 73
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women
Puertas‐Gonzalez, J. A., Mariño-Narváez, C., Peralta‐Ramírez, M. I., & Romero‐Gonzalez, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113978 · Cited by 77
Tener, D., Marmor, A., Katz, C., Newman, A., Silovsky, J. F., Shields, J. D., & Taylor, E. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104779 · Cited by 78
Social factors and worry associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a large survey in China
Zhou, M., & Guo, W. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113934 · Cited by 70
“A two-wave study, which first surveyed some regions of China during the initial outbreak and again four weeks later, indicated that the level of anxiety had been stable despite sharp increases in the number of COVID-19 cases between the two surveys (Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEnhancing resiliency of perishable product supply chains in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak
Shanker, S., Barve, A., Muduli, K., Kumar, A., Garza-Reyes, J., & Joshi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications · doi:10.1080/13675567.2021.1893671 · Cited by 66
“Behavioural factors are among the most influencing factors affecting PFSCs during the pandemic as the virus has created an environment of heightened anxiety, fear and uncertainty about the future (Wang et al. 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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