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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Cites
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“Additionally, reducing COVID-19 cases and deaths may have reduced anxiety about the virus and its impact on health (60).”
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“The percentage of responses to the questions were calculated according to the number of respondents per response and the number of total responses to the questions and presented as categorical variables [59].”
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“This did not slow down significantly over time [15].”
BackgroundSense of Coherence and COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study
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“Several studies have highlighted the relevant role of some sociodemographic variables in affecting people’s mental health in facing this challenging situation (e.g., Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“Thus, in addition to the protective recommendations against COVID-19, the fear of contracting the virus, and subsequently dying from it, uncertainty about disease control and vaccine availability, daily routine interruptions, economic loss, and constant exposure to negative news are factors considered highly responsib…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialImpact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing
Zhao, Q., Sun, X.-X., Xie, F., Chen, B.-J., Wang, L., Hu, L., & Dai, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100252 · Cited by 22
“Currently, researchers from China (e.g., C. Wang et al., 2020), Italy (e. g., Forte et al., 2020), Greece (e.g., Kalaitzaki, 2020), and many other countries have been monitoring the issue of PTSD in the context of COVID-19.”
BackgroundMethodMoreno‐Jiménez, J. E., Blanco‐Donoso, L. M., Demerouti, E., Hofheinz, S. B., Chico‐Fernández, M., Jiménez, B. M., & Garrosa, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094453 · Cited by 32
“All in all, we further contribute to the current literature by providing empirical evidence about all these questions, surpassing the previous literature focused on cross-sectional designs [10].”
BackgroundResultThe Korean Version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric Validation in the Korean Population
Hwang, K.-S., Choi, H., Yang, C.-M., Hong, J., Lee, H., Park, M.-C., Jang, S.-H., & Lee, S.-Y. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0420 · Cited by 25
Public awareness and anxiety during COVID-19 epidemic in China: A cross-sectional study
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Badri, S. K. Z., & Yunus, W. M. A. W. M. (2021) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2021.1884210 · Cited by 39
“These findings indicated that a higher percentage of students experienced poorer psychological wellbeing condition, than the reported values of 16.5% and 28.8% for moderate to extremely high depression and anxiety symptoms among the general population during the earliest time of COVID-19 outbreak in China (Wang et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialJia, Y., Qi, Y., Bai, L., Han, Y., Xie, Z., & Ge, J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045034 · Cited by 29
Feter, N., Caputo, E. L., Smith, E. C., Doring, I. R., Cassuriaga, J., Leite, J. S., Reichert, F. F., da Silva, M. C., Coombes, J. S., & Rombaldi, A. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106415 · Cited by 28
“Likewise, surveys on stress levels carried out in India(United Nations, 2020), China(Fu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), and the United Kingdom(Pierce et al., 2020) during the pandemic indicated that women are at higher risk of psychological distress than men.”
BackgroundTng, X., Chew, Q. H., & Sim, K. (2020) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2020111 · Cited by 17
“(44) In addition, financial and social support may be helpful for reducing the repercussions for mental health that can arise from job losses or prolonged quarantine.(30,45-48)”
BackgroundInfluentialDaimer, S., Mihatsch, L. L., Neufeld, S. A., Murray, G. K., & Knolle, F. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.75893 · Cited by 21
FinTech and AI as Opportunities for a Sustainable Economy
Valentina, V., & Otilia, M. (2025) · FinTech · doi:10.3390/fintech4020010 · Cited by 21
“The COVID-19 pandemic [28] not only created challenges but also accelerated opportunities in the financial sector: Social distancing measures disrupted traditional banking operations and changed consumer behaviors.”
Interventions to support mental health in people with long COVID: a scoping review
Al‐Jabr, H., Hawke, L. D., Thompson, D. R., Clifton, A., Shenton, M., Castle, D. J., & Ski, C. F. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16079-8 · Cited by 22
Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Karakatsoulis, G. N., Abraham, S., Adorjan, K., Ahmed, H. U., Alarcón, R. D., Arai, K., Salihu, A., Bobes, J., Bobes-Bascarán, T., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02438-8 · Cited by 25
Yu, L., Cao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, T., MacDonald, A., Bian, F., Li, X., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100185 · Cited by 48
Vázquez, I., Gato, J., Coimbrã, S., Tasker, F., Barrientos, J., Miscioscia, M., Cerqueira-Santos, E., Malmquist, A., Seabra, D., Leal, D., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043188 · Cited by 11
“Other studies have found that financial instability has been associated with an increased risk of developing mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic [89 – 91].”
Longitudinal assessment of COVID-19 fear and psychological wellbeing in the United Kingdom
Quigley, M., Whiteford, S., Cameron, G., Zuj, D. V., & Dymond, S. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221134848 · Cited by 25
Text-based Interpretable Depression Severity Modeling via Symptom Predictions
Steijn, F. V., Soğancıoğlu, G., & Kaya, H. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3536221.3556579 · Cited by 24
“Unfortunately, a pandemic disease (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019 has also negatively efected the mental health of adolescents and caused various levels of psychological distress among people who are diferently exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic [41, 47].”
BackgroundChen, I., Chen, H., Gamble, J. H., Liao, X.-L., Chen, X., Yang, Y., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.987366 · Cited by 25
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Adolescents’ Psychological Distress: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study
Hằng, N. T. M., Nguyen, H. V., Zouini, B., Senhaji, M., Bador, K., Meszaros, Z. S., Stevanović, D., & Kerekes, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148261 · Cited by 22
“Common somatic complaints included myalgia and dizziness [5], headaches, sleeping problems [25], and stomachaches [26].”
BackgroundBruggeman, H., Smith, P., Berete, F., Demarest, S. S., Hermans, L., Braekman, E., Charafeddine, R., Drieskens, S., Ridder, K. D., & Gisle, L. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12050141 · Cited by 33
“The finding that women were at greater risk of higher levels of anxiety and depression than men is consistent with previous studies [10,18,40,41].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCosta, S., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Cellini, N. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12870 · Cited by 25
“Abbreviations: CI low, lower level of the confidence interval at 95%; CI high, higher level of the confidence interval at 95%. epidemic in China (C. Wang et al., 2020) and in a 2‐month follow‐up study in Italy (Roma et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNia, H. S., She, L., Kaur, H., Boyle, C., Fomani, F. K., Hoseinzadeh, E., Kohestani, D., & Rahmatpour, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.851212 · Cited by 19
“Stress caused by the pandemic was found to be higher in women (9, 37, 42), younger people (58), those with poor sleeping habits (37, 58, 59), support caregivers, and other minority and disadvantaged groups (60) as they have lower compliance with prevention behavior and/or have less adaptive coping strategies, leading…”
BackgroundRaina, R. (2022) · International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness · doi:10.1007/s42943-021-00040-w · Cited by 41
Xiao, M., Chen, X., Yi, H., Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Feng, T., He, Q., Lei, X., Qiu, J., & Chen, H. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100418 · Cited by 22
“He et al., 2021; C. Wang et al., 2020; Y. Wang et al., 2020), we expected that, on average, participants would report higher NA levels during the pandemic than before the pandemic, and that the NA level would not decrease immediately after the pandemic outbreak peak (hypothesis 1).”
Min, S., Jeong, Y. H., Kim, J., Koo, J. W., & Ahn, Y. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.671722 · Cited by 22
COVID-19 Pandemic and Personality: Agreeable People Are More Stressed by the Feeling of Missing
Getzmann, S., Digutsch, J., & Kleinsorge, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010759 · Cited by 21
Saúde mental e Covid-19: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Lobo, L. A. C., & Rieth, C. E. (2021) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202113024 · Cited by 30
Changes in Alcohol Consumption Pattern Based on Gender during COVID-19 Confinement in Spain
Villanueva-Blasco, V. J., Silvestre, V. V., Isorna, M., Motos, P., Blay, P., & Vázquez-Martínez, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158028 · Cited by 21
“The application of these restrictive measures led to a number of changes that had an impact on mental health [3], such as increases in psychosocial stress [4,5] and anxiety [6].”
BackgroundMuro, A., Feliu-Soler, A., & Castellà, J. (2021) · Women & health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1954133 · Cited by 21
COVID-19 Lockdown: Key Factors in Citizens’ Stress
Rodríguez, S., Valle, A., Piñeiro, I., González-Suárez, R., Díaz-Freire, F. M., & Vieites, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666891 · Cited by 23
Lau, B. H. P., Cheung, M. K. T., Chan, L. T. H., Chan, C., & Leung, P. P. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115875 · Cited by 24
Guo, Y., Sims, O. T., Qin, W., & Yang, F. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11020013 · Cited by 26
“On the other hand, anxiety associated with social isolation has the potential to lead to compulsive social media usage and over usage has the potential to further amplify anxiety at the population, community, and individual levels [11,51].”
BackgroundDepressive Symptoms, Anxiety Disorder, and Suicide Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pera, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572699 · Cited by 21
Behavioral and Psychological Correlates of Well-Being during COVID-19
Ryerson, N. C. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120978160 · Cited by 33
“Early reports found that being a student and being under the age of 35 were factors associated with a greater psychological impact of the pandemic (Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Iranian Population
Mohammadi, S. M., Ashtari, S., & Fetrat, M. K. (2020) · International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health · doi:10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.04 · Cited by 18
Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Ma, H., Jia, Y., Sun, L., Guo, X., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80649-8 · Cited by 69
Emotion Network Analysis During COVID-19 Quarantine ‐ A Longitudinal Study
Martín-Brufau, R., Suso‐Ribera, C., & Berná, F. J. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559572 · Cited by 42
Producing and using timely comparative evidence on drugs: lessons from clinical trials for covid-19
Naci, H., Kesselheim, A. S., Røttingen, J., Salanti, G., Vandvik, P. O., & Cipriani, A. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3869 · Cited by 21
Implication of coronavirus pandemic on obsessive-compulsive-disorder symptoms
Sulaimani, M. F., & Bagadood, N. H. (2020) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2020-0054 · Cited by 21
Yap, M. C., Wu, F., Huang, X., Tang, L., Su, K., Tong, X., Kwok, S. C., Wu, C., Wang, S., He, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad144 · Cited by 23
Yue, Y., Li, L., Liu, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Sang, H., Tang, M., Zou, T., Shah, S. M., Shen, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.032 · Cited by 23
“One month longitudinal study on the general population ’ s mental health demonstrated that there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety, and depression levels (Wang et al., 2020a).”
Misra, A. V., Mamdouh, H. M., Dani, A., Mitchell, V., Hussain, H. Y., Ibrahim, G. M., Dalky, H. F., & Alnakhi, W. K. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00986-3 · Cited by 20
“In addition, the unprecedented public health interventions that were implemented across the globe, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE) caused a wide range of psychosocial impacts [4].”
BackgroundSchrempft, S., Pullen, N., Baysson, H., Wisniak, A., Zaballa, M.-E., Pennacchio, F., Vollenweider, P., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Preisig, M., Guessous, I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.042 · Cited by 24
Experiences of the Ukrainian adolescents during the Russia-Ukraine 2022 War
Lopatovska, I., Arora, K., Fernandes, F. V., Rao, A., Sivkoff-Livneh, S., & Stamm, B. (2022) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-07-2022-0093 · Cited by 30
Perrigo, J. L., Samek, A. S., & Hurlburt, M. S. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106594 · Cited by 24
Guidetti, G., Converso, D., Sanseverino, D., & Ghislieri, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19041995 · Cited by 30
“Indeed, new routines and behaviors, such as wearing masks and social distancing, along with frequent messages about handwashing and cleaning, as well as new ways of working with physically distant colleagues, may have affected changes in work schedules; furthermore, these changes have been shown to increase stress, an…”
BackgroundWolfschlag, M., Grudet, C., & Håkansson, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731297 · Cited by 22
Su, P.-A., Lo, M.-C., Wang, C.-L., Yang, P.-C., Chang, C.-I., Huang, M., Huang, M., & Cheng, K. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s330533 · Cited by 28
“Our study found psychological distress in our participants to be comparable to that reported by a study of 1210 respondents belonging to the general population in 194 cities in China during the early days of the outbreak (January 31 to February 2, 2020).(7) The authors of that study performed a follow-up survey of 861…”
ResultSelf-citationGallagher, M. W., Smith, L. J., Richardson, A. L., & Long, L. J. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10277-7 · Cited by 19
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health calls for police service
Koziarski, J. (2021) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-021-00157-6 · Cited by 29
Abid, M., Riaz, M., Bano, Z., Parveen, T., Fayyaz, M. U., & Qureshi, H. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734623 · Cited by 26
Basu, M., Dasgupta, R., Kumar, P., & Dhyani, S. (2021) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac2ab2 · Cited by 27
Peng, R., Zhou, W., Zhou, D., Chu, M., & Ling, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665992 · Cited by 25
“Patients with COVID-19 and their families (3, 5), individuals with existing physical or psychiatricmorbidities (6), and healthcare staff (2, 7, 8) were identified to be at higher risk of adverse mental health outcomes (4).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Cao, X., Aashiq, Xie, Y., Zhong, Q., Lei, G., Zhang, J., Xiao, Q., Wang, G., Bian, Y., et al. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105980 · Cited by 18
“China divides events into four levels according to the severity of the event, and this COVID-19 is a particularly significant level I event.”
InfluentialBehavioural changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a nationwide survey in Singapore.
Long, V., & Liu, J. C. J. (2021) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020391 · Cited by 20
Zambelli, Z., Fidalgo, A. R., Halstead, E. J., & Dimitriou, D. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321995962 · Cited by 21
“One study from China conducted by Wang et al. (2020a) collected baseline and follow-up survey data during similar time points and found statistically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms between Time 1 and Time 2, as well as no changes in depression or anxiety scores.”
ResultJobs, Housing, and Mask Wearing: Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors for COVID-19
van den Broek‐Altenburg, E. M., Atherly, A. J., Diehl, S. A., Gleason, K. M., Hart, V. C., MacLean, C. D., Barkhuff, D., Levine, M. A., & Carney, J. K. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/24320 · Cited by 28
“A recent study showed that mask wearing is associated with a lower prevalence of depression, which may be explained by seeing more people [28].”
BackgroundSinawi, H. A., Al‐Balushi, N., Al-Mahrouqi, T., Ghailani, A. A., McCall, R. K., Sultan, A., Al-Sabti, H. A., Maniri, A. A., Panchatcharam, S. M., & Al‐Alawi, M. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1842473 · Cited by 27
“This is in line with results from an international study examining psychological distress among the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic (Wang, Pan, et al., 2020b).”
Haravuori, H., Junttila, K., Haapa, T., Tuisku, K., Kujala, A., Rosenström, T. H., Suvisaari, J., Pukkala, ., Laukkala, T., & Jylhä, P. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217905 · Cited by 31
“The first general population studies from the Wuhan area report similar findings with somewhat lower symptom intensities [6,7].”
ResultNascimento, M. D. M. (2020) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2020.1795371 · Cited by 20
“…Federal University Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC education measures of Covid-19 among older adults still have to overcome the barriers created by the cognitive performance deficit caused by Alzheimer’s and Dementia (C. Wang et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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