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A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Open accessAbstract
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.
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“In a sample of 1,173 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a university in the UK, over 50% of respondents surpassed clinical thresholds for anxiety and depression (21).”
From Mental health status and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Central Serbia (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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“recent international studies have reported increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychological distress during lockdown (4–10)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Recent research has shown that, in the general public, the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with greater levels of psychological distress and a range of psychopathological problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., Gao et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Why did all the toilet paper disappear? Distinguishing between panic buying and hoarding during COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Consistent with the literature, our research suggested significant deleterious effects after the first week, followed by stabilization of the scores during the subsequent quarantine period, supporting the view that individuals may adapt to the negative consequences of social isolation and home confinement (10, 46, 93).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Parallel literature from other countries indicates that there are higher levels of panic disorder, anxiety, and depression [1,43,44].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Factors relating to COVID-19 symptoms and disease exposure are associated with negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and stress (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
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“as are longitudinal studies including multiple time points during COVID‐19 (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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“Wang et al. (2020) surveyed the general population in China, including adolescents, on two separate occasions (January 31 to February 2, 2020, ages 16–59 years; and February 28 to March 1, 2020, ages 12–59 years) and found levels of stress, anxiety, and depression remained stable, despite sharp increases in the number of COVID‐19 cases between the two surveys.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Longitudinally, however, there were no significant changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels after one month in a follow-up study [44].”
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the impact of digital infrastructure on international trade is stronger in countries with better institutional quality.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“Similarly, a study by Wang et al. (2020) found that institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and international trade are positively correlated in China.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“The authors suggest that better digital infrastructure enhances a country's trade competitiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving access to information.”
From Digital Transformation in International Trade: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Implications (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2020)
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“For example, recent studies found that insufficient information (González-Sanguino et al., 2020) or misinformation (‘fake news’) on COVID-19 (Wang et al., 2020) was associated with poorer mental health and well-being (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2020
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Citations
Cites
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“In comparison to another longitudinal study about the psychological impact of the COVID-19 situation (Wang et al., 2020b), which was conducted in China, some important differences can be found.”
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Rogowska, A. M., Павлова, Ю., Kuśnierz, C., Ochnik, D., Боднар, І., & Petrytsa, P. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113494 · Cited by 179
“More specifically, moderate to severe anxiety was noted in 29%, whereas moderate to severe depression was reported in 16% of the population living in China during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak [16,17].”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Zhu, C., Zhang, T., Li, Q., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2 · Cited by 166
“Comorbidity of chronic diseases has been another risk factor for mental health problems during the COVID19 pandemic [24, 34, 36, 40].”
BackgroundMoreira, P., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Fernández, M., Raposo-Lima, C., Sousa, N., Picó-Pérez, M., & Morgado, P. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.20080671 · Cited by 131
“Previous studies reported an adverse effect on mental health for younger Chinese participants (12 to 21 years) during COVID-19 outbreak, mostly students (Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlsolais, A., Alquwez, N., Alotaibi, K., Alqarni, A. S., Almalki, M., Alsolami, F. J., Almazan, J. U., & Cruz, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636 · Cited by 161
Robillard, R., Saad, M., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Pennestri, M., Daros, A. R., Veissière, S. P. L., Quilty, L. C., Dion, K., Nixon, A., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043805 · Cited by 163
Social Stigma: The Hidden Threat of COVID-19
Abdelhafiz, A. S., & Alorabi, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00429 · Cited by 164
“These features, which have also been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in different studies, may result in stigmatization of the potentially infected that flourishes with dramatic stories in media and through the internet (5, 6).”
BackgroundCodagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Gómez, C. E., Charris, R., Montealegre, F., Liva, G., Lupiáñez‐Villanueva, F., Folkvord, F., & Veltri, G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240876 · Cited by 158
“In this study, we collected and analysed data from three European countries (Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), which have been under lockdown due to the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that began in China in late 2019.”
BackgroundInfluentialZadok-Gurman, T., Jakobovich, R., Dvash, E., Zafrani, K., Rolnik, B., Ganz, A. B., & Lev-Ari, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073689 · Cited by 128
“It could have been caused by the fact that, despite the increase in the satisfaction and positive emotions in the intervention group, the COVID-19 pandemic and prolonged social distancing had a dramatic negative impact across many domains of the teachers’ personal lives [51,52].”
BackgroundSalehi, M., Amanat, M., Mohammadi, M.-R., Salmanian, M., Rezaei, N., Saghazadeh, A., & Garakani, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.188 · Cited by 172
González‐Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Galdós, J. S., & Muñoz, M. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110219 · Cited by 153
Lee, N., & Lee, H.-J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239015 · Cited by 128
Schafer, K. M., Lieberman, A., Sever, A. C., & Joiner, T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.115 · Cited by 127
Ahrens, K. F., Neumann, R. J., Kollmann, B., Brokelmann, J., von Werthern, N. M., Malyshau, A., Weichert, D., Lutz, B., Fiebach, C. J., Wessa, M., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01508-2 · Cited by 147
“This is also in contrast to data from countries that underwent a complete lockdown, such as China [48] and Italy [5], reporting an increase in mental health problems [2, 50].”
ResultCOVID-19 in Portugal: exploring the immediate psychological impact on the general population.
Paulino, M., Dumas-Diniz, R., Brissos, S., Brites, R., Alho, L., Simões, M. R., & Silva, C. F. (2021) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1808236 · Cited by 124
“Like others (C. Wang et al., 2020a; Y. Zhang & Ma, 2020), we did not find a significant association between age and COVID-19 psychological impact.”
InfluentialSurviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation
Venturelli, S., Benatti, S. V., Casati, M., Binda, F., Zuglian, G., Imeri, G., Conti, C., Biffi, A. M., Spada, M. S., Bondi, E., et al. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821000145 · Cited by 146
“The following scales were used: Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R) [13-19], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [18-21] and Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) [22, 23].”
MethodInfluentialPieh, C., Budimir, S., Humer, E. C., & Probst, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.625973 · Cited by 153
“A significant reduction in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at the second survey was observed, whereas depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms did not differ (9).”
BackgroundPandey, D., Bansal, S., Goyal, S., Garg, A., Sethi, N., Pothiyil, D. I., Sreelakshmi, E. S., Sayyad, M. G., & Sethi, R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240501 · Cited by 114
Mental Health and Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Okuyama, J., Seto, S., Fukuda, Y., Funakoshi, S., Amae, S., Onobe, J., Izumi, S., Ito, K., & Imamura, F. (2021) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.253.203 · Cited by 143
van der Velden, P. G., Hyland, P., Contino, C., von Gaudecker, H., Muffels, R. J. A., & Das, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245057 · Cited by 163
“[39] also showed a significant reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms during the stressful first four weeks after the COVID-19 outbreak in China.”
BackgroundMalta, D., Szwarcwald, C., Barros, M. B. D. A., Gomes, C. S., Machado, Í., de Souza, P. D., Azevedo, D., Lima, M., Damacena, G. N., Pina, M. D. F., et al. (2020) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/scielopreprints.1165 · Cited by 121
Zhang, X., Zhu, W., Kang, S., Qiu, L., Lu, Z., & Sun, Y. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207666 · Cited by 133
“Several recent studies have conducted investigations on psychological problems in the context of COVID-19 [19,20].”
BackgroundFatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep quality in patients undergoing haemodialysis
Al-Naamani, Z., Gormley, K., Noble, H., Santin, O., & al Maqbali, M. (2021) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02349-3 · Cited by 119
Priego-Parra, B. A., Triana‐Romero, A., Gálvez, S. M. P., Ramos, C. D., Nolasco, O. I. S., Reyes, M. M., la Medina, A. R., & Remes-Troche, J. M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.20095844 · Cited by 122
Le, X. T. T., Dang, A. K., Toweh, J., Nguyen, Q. N., Le, H. T., Toàn, Đ. T. T., Phan, H. B. T., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q. T., Ta, N. T. K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00824 · Cited by 128
“The cross-sectional study may limit the causal interpretation, and a longitudinal study on the psychological impact on Vietnamese is required (48).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcPhee, M. D., Keough, M. T., Rundle, S. M., Heath, L. M., Wardell, J. D., & Hendershot, C. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574676 · Cited by 135
COVID-19 Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Use Among Israeli University Students
Zolotov, Y., Reznik, A., Bender, S., & Isralowitz, R. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00351-8 · Cited by 129
“For example, 24.9% of Chinese college students experienced some level of anxiety (Cao et al. 2020); and considerable stress, anxiety, and depression have been reported among the general population in China (Wang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe community psychosocial burden during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Megatsari, H., Laksono, A. D., Ibad, M., Herwanto, Y. T., Sarweni, K. P., Geno, R. A. P., & Nugraheni, E. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05136 · Cited by 133
Stress and Symptom Burden in Oncology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Miaskowski, C. A., Paul, S. M., Snowberg, K. E., Abbott, M., Borno, H. T., Chang, S. M., Chen, L. M., Cohen, B., Hammer, M. J., Kenfield, S. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.08.037 · Cited by 122
Guidelines for TMS/tES clinical services and research through the COVID-19 pandemic
Bikson, M., Hanlon, C. A., Woods, A. J., Gillick, B. T., Charvet, L. E., Lamm, C., Madeo, G., Holczer, A., Almeida, J., Antal, A., et al. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.05.010 · Cited by 129
Salfi, F., Lauriola, M., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100259 · Cited by 119
The relationship between leisure activities and mental health: The impact of resilience and COVID‐19
Takiguchi, Y., Matsui, M., Kikutani, M., & Ebina, K. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12394 · Cited by 136
A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population
Ramiz, L., Contrand, B., Castro, M. Y. R., Dupuy, M., Lu, L., Sztal-Kutas, C., & Lagarde, E. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00682-8 · Cited by 133
Çeri, V., & Çi̇çek, İ. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1859566 · Cited by 132
“Studies also reported the adverse effects of pandemic-related factors on mental wellbeing (Qiu et al., 2020; Torales et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19 adversity: Associations with distress
Kroska, E. B., Roche, A. I., Adamowicz, J. L., & Stegall, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.011 · Cited by 108
Akintunde, T. Y., Musa, T. H., Musa, H. H., Musa, I. H., Chen, S., Ibrahim, E. A., Tassang, A. E., & Helmy, M. S. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102753 · Cited by 171
Ye, B., Wu, D., Im, H., Liu, M., Wang, X., & Yang, Q. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105466 · Cited by 123
Mood, Anxiety and Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID‐19: Evidence of Central Nervous System Involvement?
Speth, M. M., Singer‐Cornelius, T., Oberle, M., Gengler, I., Brockmeier, S. J., & Sedaghat, A. R. (2020) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.28964 · Cited by 106
Feter, N., Caputo, E., Doring, I. R., Leite, J. S., Cassuriaga, J., Reichert, F., Silva, M. D. D., Coombes, J., & Rombaldi, A. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.013 · Cited by 108
Qian, K., & Yahara, T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235883 · Cited by 122
“Furthermore, results indicated that concerns, mental health status, and preventive behaviors to COVID-19 are associated with personality, morality, ideology, and demographic characteristics that have been studied independently [19] and [18] for personality; [25] and [24] for morality; [28] and [26] for ideology; [4, 5…”
BackgroundChen, C.-Y., Chen, I.-H., Pakpour, A. H., Lin, C.-Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0497 · Cited by 105
“38,39 The timeframe used in the original DASS-21 (i.e., asking about psychological distress in the past week) was applied in the present study.”
Ahmed, F., Zhao, F., Faraz, N. A., & Qin, Y. J. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14637 · Cited by 139
“The 1 month gap between each wave of data collection is in line with prevailing practice in longitudinal research during COVID-19 outbreak (Wang et al., 2020).”
ResultIdentity change, uncertainty and mistrust in relation to fear and risk of COVID-19
Breakwell, G. M., & Jaspal, R. (2021) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1864011 · Cited by 104
Medical Journals and the 2019-nCoV Outbreak.
Rubin, E., Baden, L., Morrissey, S., & Campion, E. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2001329 · Cited by 103
Ji, G., Wei, W., Yue, K.-C., Li, H., Shi, L.-J., Ma, J.-D., He, C.-Y., Zhou, S.-S., Zhao, Z., Lou, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21915 · Cited by 102
“Regarding anxiety, a recent longitudinal study on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic that conducted two surveys (1 and 2) at similar intervals to our study did not find a significant reduction in anxiety score in survey 2 [24].”
BackgroundGuo, K., Zhang, X.-Y., Bai, S., Minhat, H., Nazan, A. I. N. M., Feng, J.-N., Li, X., Luo, G., Zhang, X.-P., Feng, J.-J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253891 · Cited by 102
Quittkat, H. L., Düsing, R., Holtmann, F., Buhlmann, U., Svaldi, J., & Vocks, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586246 · Cited by 120
Pappa, S., Athanasiou, N., Sakkas, N., Patrinos, S., Sakka, E., Barmparessou, Z., Tsikrika, S., Adraktas, A., Pataka, A., Migdalis, I., et al. (2021) · doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0194.v1 · Cited by 100
Chen, I., Chen, C., Liao, X.-L., Chen, X.-M., Zheng, X., Tsai, Y., Lin, C., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104042 · Cited by 97
Safa, F., Anjum, A., Hossain, S., Trisa, T. I., Alam, S. F., Rafi, M. A., Podder, V., Koly, K. N., Azad, D. T., Ahmad, W. U., et al. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105912 · Cited by 106
Chen, R., Liang, S., Peng, Y., Li, X., Chen, J., Tang, S., & Zhao, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110219 · Cited by 136
“There was no significant longitudinal reduction in depressive level in the pandemic's peak four weeks later (from February 28 to March 1, 2020) [7].”
Huang, D., He, Y., Wang, T., Yang, H., Yao, R., & Liang, Z. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26256 · Cited by 118
“This has caused anxiety and stress in the general population.(2,3) Based on previous treatments experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), some potential antiviral drugs have been approved and used urgently in COVID‐19 patients, such as interferon, ribavirin, hy…”
BackgroundImpact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
Alnefeesi, Y., Siegel, A. N., Lui, L. M. W., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R., Lee, Y. L., Nasri, F., Gill, H., Lin, K., Cao, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.621773 · Cited by 112
Self-citationGray, N. S., O’Connor, C., Knowles, J. R. P., Pink, J. C., Simkiss, N. J., Williams, S. D., & Snowden, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.594115 · Cited by 112
“The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread problems across the world that are likely to have adverse effects on mental health and well-being (1, 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCOVID-19-Related Fear and Health-Related Safety Behavior in Oncological Patients
Musche, V., Bäuerle, A., Steinbach, J., Schweda, A., Hetkamp, M., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Beckmann, M., Herrmann, K., Tewes, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01984 · Cited by 99
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C.
- Affiliations
- Huaibei Normal University (CN)
- University Health Network (CA)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Roger
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 40-48
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7153528
- OpenAlex
- W3016216556
- Cited by
- 2,571
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 347 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 845 · 2020: 455
- FWCI
- 225.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National University of Singapore (R-722-000-004-731)
- Huaibei Normal University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, general population, protective factors, perceived infection risk, precautionary measures, China
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Internet-Based Intervention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, China, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Masks, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics, Hand Hygiene
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