Intestinal Permeability and Its Significance in Psychiatric Disorders—A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives
Abstract
The topic of increased intestinal permeability and its impact on the human body is increasingly being addressed by researchers. It is associated with disruption of the intestinal barrier, leading to the "leaky gut" syndrome. This can be assessed by classical methods, determining the concentration of orally administered tracer molecules in urine or by using biomarkers such as LPS, LBP or zonulin in blood plasma. The presence of bacterial endotoxins in the body causes inflammation. In this article, we review research on increased intestinal permeability in psychiatric illness: mood disorders, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, anxiety disorders, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. The results of the studies used to assess intestinal permeability in different disease entities are presented. Possible mechanisms for these interactions are the effects of chronic, low-grade inflammation on the human brain, causing interruption of the brain blood barrier and dysfunction of astrocytes and microglia. This affects brain function by reducing the number of dopaminergic neurons, disrupting tryptophan metabolism and altering the amount of GABA and glutamate. The links and mechanisms found may, in the future, allow earlier detection of diseases and their targeted treatment.
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Dysbiosis can compromise the intestinal barrier, leading to increased intestinal permeability, commonly referred to as leaky gut syndrome.
“Dysbiosis can compromise this barrier, leading to increased intestinal permeability, commonly referred to as “leaky gut” syndrome (LGS).”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
Leaky gut syndrome allows microbial components like LPS, toxic metabolites, and inflammatory agents to enter the bloodstream.
“LGS allows microbial components like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), toxic metabolites, and inflammatory agents to enter the bloodstream [44,45].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
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Biological Aspects of Aggression and Violence in Schizophrenia
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Elevated zonulin, a measure of tight-junction permeability, may be implicated in schizophrenia
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From “Leaky Gut” to Impaired Glia-Neuron Communication in Depression
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Self-citationTotal Gastrointestinal Flora Transplantation in the Treatment of Leaky Gut Syndrome and Flora Loss
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationGawlik-Kotelnicka, O., Sobczak, M., Palma, J., Popławska, M., Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., Plewka, M., Pawliczak, R., & Strzelecki, D. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.05.035 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wasiak, J., & Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Lodz (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Gawlik-Kotelnicka, Oliwia
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 448
- Pages
- 114459
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4367296000
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- intestinal permeability, leaky gut, intestinal barrier, mental illness, mood disorders, schizophrenia, alcoholism, anxiety disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, bacterial endotoxin, low-grade inflammation, blood-brain barrier, astrocytes, microglia, dopaminergic neurons, tryptophan metabolism, GABA, glutamate, zonulin, lipopolysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
- MeSH terms
- Alcoholism, Mental Disorders, Humans, Inflammation, Permeability, Biomarkers
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