Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mood and cognition alterations play a role in the motivation for alcohol-drinking. Lipopolysaccharides are known to stimulate inflammation that was shown to induce mood and cognitive changes in rodents and humans. Enhanced intestinal permeability and elevated blood LPS characterize alcohol-dependent mice. However, no data have been published in non-cirrhotic humans. Our first goal was to test whether intestinal permeability, blood LPS and cytokines are increased in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects before withdrawal and if they recover after withdrawal. Our second goal was to test correlations between these biochemical and the behavioral variables to explore the possibility of a role for a gut-brain interaction in the development of alcohol-dependence. METHODS Forty alcohol-dependent-subjects hospitalized for a 3-week detoxification program were tested at onset (T1) and end (T2) of withdrawal and compared for biological and behavioral markers with 16 healthy subjects. Participants were assessed for gut permeability, systemic inflammation (LPS, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, hsCRP) and for depression, anxiety, alcohol-craving and selective attention. RESULTS Intestinal permeability and LPS were largely increased in alcohol-dependent subjects at T1 but recovered completely at T2. A low-grade inflammation was observed at T1 that partially decreased during withdrawal. At T1, pro-inflammatory cytokines were positively correlated with craving. At T2 however, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and craving. CONCLUSION Leaky gut and inflammation were observed in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects and inflammation was correlated to depression and alcohol-craving. This suggests that the gut-brain axis may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-dependence.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Targeted nutrition interventions may ameliorate neuroinflammation, which has been identified as a potential treatment for OUD.
“Given the links between impaired gastrointestinal health and neuroinflammation (145), targeted nutrition interventions may ameliorate neuroinflammation, which has been identified as a potential treatment for OUD (78).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [145]
Cites
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
Ross, R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901143400207 · Cited by 21,725 · see citing works
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535 · see citing works
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · see citing works
Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1491 · Cited by 6,638 · see citing works
Self-citationCani, P. D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., & Burcelin, R. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1403 · Cited by 4,819 · see citing works
Self-citationA Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E. K., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,729 · see citing works
Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis
Kühn, R., Löhler, J., Rennick, D. M., Rajewsky, K., & Müller, W. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)80068-p · Cited by 4,248 · see citing works
An Algorithm for the Grading of Activity in Chronic Hepatitis C
Bédossa, P., & Poynard, T. (1996) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510240201 · Cited by 4,054 · see citing works
de Waal Malefyt, R., Abrams, J., Bennett, B., Figdor, C. G., & de Vries, J. E. (1991) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.5.1209 · Cited by 3,762 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These results permit us to conclude that alcohol-dependent subjects indeed present with a low-grade inflammation, which is defined by a 2- to 3-fold increase in inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins (Petersen and Pedersen, 2005; Ross, 1999).”
Cani, P. D., Possemiers, S., Van de Wiele, T., Guiot, Y., Everard, A., Rottier, O., Geurts, L., Naslain, D., Neyrinck, A., Lambert, D. M., et al. (2009) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2008.165886 · Cited by 2,518 · see citing works
Self-citationGrant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., & Pickering, R. P. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.004 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior
Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
Cytokine-Associated Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances in Humans
Reichenberg, A., Yirmiya, R., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Morag, A., & Pollmächer, T. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family
Akira, S., & Hemmi, H. (2003) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00228-6 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Everard, A., Lazarevic, V., Derrien, M., Girard, M., Muccioli, G. G., Neyrinck, A. M., Possemiers, S., Van Holle, A., François, P., de Vos, W. M., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0227 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Self-citationCytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications
Konsman, J. P., Parnet, P., & Dantzer, R. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02088-9 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Sabat, R., Grütz, G., Warszawska, K., Kirsch, S., Witte, E., Wolk, K., & Geginat, J. (2010) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.002 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Intestinal permeability: an overview
Bjarnason, I., Macpherson, A., & Hollander, D. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90708-4 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics
Delzenne, N. M., Neyrinck, A. M., Bäckhed, F., & Cani, P. D. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.126 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Self-citationAntibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol
Adachi, Y., Moore, L. E., Bradford, B. U., Gao, W., & Thurman, R. G. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90027-6 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis
Muccioli, G. G., Naslain, D., Bäckhed, F., Reigstad, C. S., Lambert, D. M., Delzenne, N. M., & Cani, P. D. (2010) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2010.46 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Self-citationAnton, R. F., Moak, D. H., & Latham, P. K. (1995) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01475.x · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Parlesak, A., Schäfer, C., Schütz, T., Bode, J. C., & Bode, C. (2000) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80242-1 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Major Depression and Activation of The Inflammatory Response System
Maes, M. (1999) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_2 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides
Caroff, M., & Karibian, D. (2003) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.010 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Fukui, H., Brauner, B., Bode, J. C., & Bode, C. (1991) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/0168-8278(91)90933-3 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Nuclear factor‐κB and the hepatic inflammation‐fibrosis‐cancer axis†
Elsharkawy, A. M., & Mann, D. A. (2007) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21802 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut.
Bode, C., & Christian Bode, J. (2003) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s1521-6918(03)00034-9 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Mutlu, E., Keshavarzian, A., Engen, P. A., Forsyth, C. B., Sikaroodi, M., & Gillevet, P. M. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01022.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Keshavarzian, A., Farhadi, A., Forsyth, C. B., Rangan, J., Jakate, S. M., Shaikh, M. W., Banan, A., & Fields, J. Z. (2008) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.028 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Rao, R. K., Seth, A., & Sheth, P. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00006.2004 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Bourque, P. E., & Beaudette, D. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0081254 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Sparkman, N. L., Buchanan, J. B., Heyen, J. R. R., Chen, J., Beverly, J. L., & Johnson, R. W. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3376-06.2006 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Exacerbation of Alcoholic Liver Injury by Enteral Endotoxin in Rats
Mathurin, P., Deng, Q.-G., Keshavarzian, A., Choudhary, S., HOLMES, E. W., & Tsukamoto, H. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2000.19621 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
The turnover and shedding of epithelial cells
Creamer, B., Shorter, R. G., & Bamforth, J. S. (1961) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2.2.110 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
What is craving? Models and implications for treatment.
Anton, R. F. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Structural and functional analyses of bacterial lipopolysaccharides
Caroff, M., Karibian, D., Cavaillon, J., & Haeffner‐Cavaillon, N. (2002) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01612-x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Renal Tubular Dysfunction in Chronic Alcohol Abuse -- Effects of Abstinence
Marchi, S. D., Cecchin, E., Basile, A., Bertotti, A., Nardini, R., & Bartoli, E. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312233292605 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Central injection of IL-10 antagonizes the behavioural effects of lipopolysaccharide in rats
Bluthé, R.-M., Castanon, N., Pousset, F., Bristow, A., Ball, C., Lestage, J., Michaud, B., KELLEY, K. W., & Dantzer, R. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00077-8 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Circulating antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Kucharzik, T. F., Stoll, R., Lügering, N., & Domschke, W. (1995) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03721.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Endotoxin and Kupffer cell activation in alcoholic liver disease.
Wheeler, M. D. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 155 · see citing works
IL-10 modulates depressive-like behavior.
Mesquita, A., Correia-Neves, M., Roque, S., Castro, A. G., Vieira, P., Pedrosa, J., Palha, J., & Sousa, N. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
In Situ Expression of Interleukin-10 in Noninflamed Human Gut and in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Autschbach, F., Braunstein, J., Helmke, B. M., ZUNA, I., Schürmann, G., Niemir, Z. I., Wallich, R., Otto, H. F., & Meuer, S. C. (1998) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65552-6 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Medication treatment of different types of alcoholism
Johnson, B. A. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08101500 · Cited by 151 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Indeed current pharmacological approaches of alcohol-dependence that only target brain neurotransmitters have proved so far to be modestly efficient (Johnson, 2010), eventually because they fail to take into account of intestinal permeability and inflammation as a driving force for the…”
Alcohol in Europe – Public Health Perspective: Report summary
Anderson, P., & Geiger, B. B. (2006) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687630600902477 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
de Timary, P., Luts, A., Hers, D., & Luminet, O. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Allez, M., & Mayer, L. (2004) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/00054725-200409000-00027 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cognitive deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide
Richwine, A. F., Sparkman, N. L., Dilger, R. N., Buchanan, J. B., & Johnson, R. W. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.020 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Luoto, R., Kalliomäki, M. A., Laitinen, K., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., Salminen, S., & Isolauri, E. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181f3457f · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol and depression: a clinical perspective
Schuckit, M. A. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05798.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Intestinal mucosal alterations in experimental cirrhosis in the rat: Role of oxygen free radicals
Ramachandran, A., Ramamoorthy, P., Thomas, S., Reddy, J. B., Pulimood, A. B., & Balasubramanian, K. A. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.31656 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Endotoxemia-induced inflammation and the effect on the human brain
van den Boogaard, M., Ramakers, B. P., van Alfen, N., van der Werf, S. P., Fick, W. F., Hoedemaekers, C. W., Verbeek, M. M., Schoonhoven, L., van der Hoeven, J. G., & Pickkers, P. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bode, C., Kolepke, R., Schäfer, K., & Bode, J. C. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effect of Detoxification on Liver Stiffness Assessed by Fibroscan® in Alcoholic Patients
Gelsi, È., Dainese, R., Truchi, R., Mariné–Barjoan, E., Anty, R., Autuori, M., Burroni, S., Vanbiervliet, G., Evesque, L., Chérikh, F., et al. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01374.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ansseau, M., Besson, J., Lejoyeux, M., Pinto, E., Landry, U., Cornes, M., Deckers, F., Potgieter, A. S., & Adès, J. (2000) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000019010 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Uva, M. C. D. S., Luminet, O., Cortesi, M., Constant, E., Derely, M., & de Timary, P. (2010) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agq012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Krzyszton, C. P., Sparkman, N. L., Grant, R. W., Buchanan, J. B., Broussard, S. R., Woods, J. A., & Johnson, R. W. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90302.2008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Santo, E. D., Sironi, M., Pozzi, P., Gnocchi, P., Isetta, A. M., Delvaux, A., Goldman, M., Marchant, A., & Ghezzi, P. (1995) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000096885 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Peeters, M., Hiele, M. I., Ghoos, Y. F., Huysmans, V., Geboes, K. J., Vantrappen, G. R., & Rutgeerts, P. (1994) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.35.10.1404 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome
Tripathi, A., Debelius, J., Brenner, D. A., Karin, M., Loomba, R., Schnabl, B., & Knight, R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0011-z · Cited by 1,480 · see citing works
Leclercq, S., Matamoros, S., Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Jamar, F., Stärkel, P., Windey, K., Tremaroli, V., Bäckhed, F., Verbeke, K., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415174111 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Self-citationGut–Liver Axis in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Szabo, G. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.042 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Alcohol and Gut-Derived Inflammation
Bishehsari, F. (2017) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v38.2.02 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Microbiota-liver axis in hepatic disease
Chassaing, B., Etienne‐Mesmin, L., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26494 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis
Burokas, A., Moloney, R. D., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · Advances in applied microbiology · doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.001 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry
Selhub, E. M., Logan, A. C., & Bested, A. C. (2014) · Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Alterations of the Host Microbiome Affect Behavioral Responses to Cocaine
Kiraly, D. D., Walker, D. M., Calipari, E. S., Labonté, B., Issler, O., Peña, C. J., Ribeiro, E., Russo, S. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35455 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
Liang, S., Wu, X., & Jin, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2018.00033 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gut microbiota, immune development and function
Bengmark, S. (2012) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.002 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Lang, S., Duan, Y., Liu, J., Torralba, M., Kuelbs, C., Cots, M. V., Abraldeṣ, J. G., Bosques‐Padilla, F., Verna, E. C., Brown, R. S., et al. (2019) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.30832 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of neuroimmune gene induction in alcoholism
Crews, F. T., & Vetreno, R. P. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3906-1 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Leclercq, S., De Saeger, C., Delzenne, N., de Timary, P., & Stärkel, P. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.003 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder
Erickson, E. K., Grantham, E. K., Warden, A. S., & Harris, R. A. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.007 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Role of Intestinal Permeability in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Current Methods of Evaluation
Vanuytsel, T., Tack, J. F., & Farré, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.717925 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Neuroimmune signaling: a key component of alcohol abuse
Mayfield, J., Ferguson, L., & Harris, R. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.024 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Impact of the Innate Immune Response in the Actions of Ethanol on the Central Nervous System
Montesinos, J., Alfonso‐Loeches, S., & Guerri, C. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13208 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Alcohol or gut microbiota: who is the guilty?
Meroni, M., Longo, M., & Dongiovanni, P. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184568 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Aslam, H., Green, J., Jacka, F. N., Collier, F., Berk, M., Pasco, J., & Dawson, S. L. (2020) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1544332 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Leclercq, S., Le Roy, T., Furgiuele, S., Coste, V., Bindels, L. B., Leyrolle, Q., Neyrinck, A. M., Quoilin, C., Amadieu, C., Petit, G., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108238 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationThe link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence
Leclercq, S., de Timary, P., Delzenne, N. M., & Stärkel, P. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.15 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationMaccioni, L., Gao, B., Leclercq, S., Pirlot, B., Horsmans, Y., De Timary, P., Leclercq, I., Fouts, D., Schnabl, B., & Stärkel, P. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1782157 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationKamal, H., Tan, G. C., Ibrahim, S. F., Shaikh, M. F., Mohamed, I. N., Mohamed, R. M. P., Hamid, A. A., Ugusman, A., & Kumar, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00282 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction
Cui, C., Shurtleff, D., & Harris, R. A. (2014) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00001-4 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Altered Microbiome in Patients With Cirrhosis and Complications
Acharya, C., & Bajaj, J. S. (2018) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Do your gut microbes affect your brain dopamine?
González‐Arancibia, C., Urrutia-Piñones, J., Illanes-González, J., Martínez-Pinto, J., Sotomayor‐Zárate, R., Julio‐Pieper, M., & Bravo, J. A. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05265-5 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases
García‐Bueno, B., Caso, J. R., Madrigal, J. L. M., & Leza, J. C. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Microbiota‐gut‐brain axis as a regulator of reward processes
García‐Cabrerizo, R., Carbia, C., O’Riordan, K. J., Schellekens, H., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15284 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A potential role for the gut microbiome in substance use disorders
Meckel, K. R., & Kiraly, D. D. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05232-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Alcohol use disorder and circulating cytokines: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Adams, C., Conigrave, J. H., Lewohl, J. M., Haber, P., & Morley, K. C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Deciphering the different phases of preclinical inflammatory bowel disease
Rudbaek, J. J., Agrawal, M., Torres, J., Mehandru, S., Colombel, J., & Jess, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-023-00854-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Zeng, T., Zhang, C., Xiao, M., Yang, R., & Xie, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00538 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: does the gut microbiome hold the key?
Leclercq, S., Forsythe, P., & Bienenstock, J. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716635535 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationAntón, M., Alén, F., de Heras, R. G., Serrano, A., Pavón, F. J., Leza, J. C., García‐Bueno, B., de Fonseca, F. R., & Orío, L. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12365 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Stärkel, P., Leclercq, S., de Timary, P., & Schnabl, B. (2018) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20171055 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationBested, A. C., Logan, A. C., & Selhub, E. M. (2013) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Balan, I. S., Beattie, M. C., O’Buckley, T. K., Aurelian, L., & Morrow, A. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37409-6 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression
Rudzki, L., & Maes, M. H. J. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01961-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Shared pathways for neuroprogression and somatoprogression in neuropsychiatric disorders
Morris, G., Puri, B. K., Walker, A. J., Maes, M. H. J., Carvalho, A. F., Bortolasci, C. C., Walder, K. R., & Berk, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.025 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hagerty, S. L., Hutchison, K. E., Lowry, C. A., & Bryan, A. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229204 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Berríos‐Cárcamo, P., Quezada, M., Quintanilla, M. E., Morales, P., Ezquer, M., Herrera‐Marschitz, M., Israel, Y., & Ezquer, F. E. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9090830 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Patel, S., Behara, R., Swanson, G. B., Forsyth, C. B., Voigt, R. M., & Keshavarzian, A. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5042573 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders
Bachtell, R. K., Jones, J. D., Heinzerling, K. G., Beardsley, P. M., & Comer, S. D. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Jadhav, K. S., Peterson, V. L., Halfon, O., Ahern, G., Fouhy, F., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., & Boutrel, B. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.026 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sarrionandia, A., & Mikolajczak, M. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1641423 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationHeberlein, A., Käser, M., Lichtinghagen, R., Rhein, M., Lenz, B., Kornhuber, J., Bleich, S., & Hillemacher, T. (2014) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Blesl, A., & Stadlbauer, V. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13031018 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Leclercq, S., Schwarz, M., Delzenne, N. M., Stärkel, P., & de Timary, P. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01610-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, G., Most, D., Ferguson, L. B., Mayfield, J., Harris, R. A., & Blednov, Y. A. (2014) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00002-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Xia, T., Duan, W., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Zhao, Y., Geng, B., Zheng, Y., Yu, J., & Wang, M. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110064 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Alcohol, microbiome, and their effect on psychiatric disorders
Hillemacher, T., Bachmann, O. P., Kahl, K. G., & Frieling, H. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.015 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Oleoylethanolamide, Neuroinflammation, and Alcohol Abuse
Orío, L., Alén, F., Pavón, F. J., Serrano, A., & García‐Bueno, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00490 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A role for the peripheral immune system in the development of alcohol use disorders?
de Timary, P., Stärkel, P., Delzenne, N. M., & Leclercq, S. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic and Pharmacologic Manipulation of TLR4 Has Minimal Impact on Ethanol Consumption in Rodents
Harris, R. A., Bajo, M., Bell, R. L., Blednov, Y. A., Varodayan, F. P., Truitt, J., de Guglielmo, G., Lasek, A. W., Logrip, M. L., Vendruscolo, L. F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2002-16.2016 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rudzki, L., & Szulc, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A biological framework for emotional dysregulation in alcohol misuse: from gut to brain
Carbia, C., Lannoy, S., Maurage, P., López‐Caneda, E., O’Riordan, K. J., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00970-6 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Grodin, E. N., Bujarski, S., Towns, B., Burnette, E. M., Nieto, S. J., Lim, A. C., Lin, J. W., Miotto, K. A., Gillis, A. J., Irwin, M. R., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01478-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gut microbiota dysbiosis: The potential mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts gut and brain functions
Chen, G., Shi, F., Yin, W., Guo, Y., Liu, A., Shuai, J., & Sun, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.916765 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The microbiota, the gut and the brain in eating and alcohol use disorders: A ‘Ménage à Trois’?
Temko, J. E., Bouhlal, S., Farokhnia, M., Lee, M. R., Cryan, J. F., & Leggio, L. (2017) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx024 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Hu, Y., Li, C., Li, N., Zhu, S., Tan, X., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Ding, Z., et al. (2020) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1567 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kirpich, I., McClain, C. J., Vatsalya, V., Schwandt, M. L., Phillips, M. J., Falkner, K. C., Zhang, L., Harwell, C., George, D. T., & Umhau, J. C. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13346 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Posttraumatic psychopathology and the pace of the epigenetic clock: a longitudinal investigation
Wolf, E. J., Logue, M. W., Morrison, F. G., Wilcox, E., Stone, A., Schichman, S. A., McGlinchey, R. E., Milberg, W., & Miller, M. W. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001411 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Orio, L., Antón, M., Rodríguez-Rojo, I. C., Correas, Á., García-Bueno, B., Corral, M., de Fonseca, F. D., García-Moreno, L., Maestú, F., & Cadaveira, F. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12543 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Anand, S. K., Ahmad, M. H., Sahu, M. R., Subba, R., & Mondal, A. C. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-022-01308-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Publisher Correction: The gut–liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome
Tripathi, A., Debelius, J., Brenner, D. A., Karin, M., Loomba, R., Schnabl, B., & Knight, R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0031-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ames, N. J., Barb, J. J., Schuebel, K. E., Mudra, S. E., Meeks, B., Tuason, R. T. S., Brooks, A. T., Kazmi, N., Yang, S. B., Ratteree, K., et al. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1758010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Role of Gut-Derived Microbial Antigens on Liver Fibrosis Initiation and Progression
Chen, D., Le, T. H., Shahidipour, H., Read, S. A., & Ahlenstiel, G. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8111324 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ezquer, F. E., Quintanilla, M. E., Morales, P., Santapau, D., Ezquer, M., Kogan, M. J., Salas‐Huenuleo, E., Herrera‐Marschitz, M., & Israel, Y. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12675 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gicquelais, R. E., Bohnert, A. M., Thomas, L., & Foxman, B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76570-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Shen, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, Q., Lv, Q., Liu, H., Yuan, H., Wang, C., Meng, F., Guo, Y., Pei, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03282-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Drugs and Bugs: The Gut-Brain Axis and Substance Use Disorders
Simpson, S., Mclellan, R., Wellmeyer, E., Matalon, F., & George, O. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10022-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Microbiome-Gut-Brain axis regulates social cognition & craving in young binge drinkers
Carbia, C., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Iannone, L. F., García‐Cabrerizo, R., Boscaini, S., Berding, K., Strain, C., Clarke, G. A., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104442 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV
Ouyang, J., Yan, J., Zhou, X., Isnard, S., Harypursat, V., Cui, H., Routy, J., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173956 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The gut microbiota: A new target in the management of alcohol dependence?
Leclercq, S., Stärkel, P., Delzenne, N. M., & de Timary, P. (2018) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune treatments for alcohol use disorder: A translational framework
Meredith, L. R., Burnette, E. M., Grodin, E. N., Irwin, M. R., & Ray, L. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kuti, D., Winkler, Z., Horváth, K., Juhász, B., Paholcsek, M., Stágel, A., Gulyás, G., Czeglédi, L., Ferenczi, S., & Kovács, K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ghrelin receptor deletion reduces binge‐like alcohol drinking in rats
Zallar, L. J., Grant-Beurmann, S., Tunstall, B. J., Fraser, C. M., Koob, G. F., Vendruscolo, L. F., & Leggio, L. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12663 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Role of the intestinal microbiome in liver fibrosis development and new treatment strategies.
Zhou, R., Fan, X.-G., & Schnabl, B. (2019) · Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Rationale for Allopregnanolone Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders: Basic and Clinical Studies
Morrow, A. L., Boero, G., & Porcu, P. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14253 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Immune System through the Lens of Alcohol Intake and Gut Microbiota
Calleja‐Conde, J., Echeverry‐Alzate, V., Bühler, K., Durán‐González, P., Morales-Garcia, J. A., Segovia‐Rodríguez, L., de Fonseca, F. R., Giné, E., & López‐Moreno, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147485 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gut Microbiome and Organ Fibrosis
Costa, C. F. F. A., Sampaio‐Maia, B., Araújo, R., Nascimento, D. S., Ferreira‐Gomes, J., Pestana, M., Azevedo, M. J., & Alencastre, I. S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14020352 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Amadieu, C., Coste, V., Neyrinck, A. M., Thijssen, V., Leyrolle, Q., Bindels, L. B., Piessevaux, H. H., Stärkel, P., de Timary, P., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.2007042 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationCytokine Changes following Acute Ethanol Intoxication in Healthy Men: A Crossover Study
Neupane, S. P., Skulberg, A., Skulberg, K. R., Aass, H. C. D., & Bramness, J. G. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/3758590 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Alcohol binge disrupts the rat intestinal barrier: the partial protective role of oleoylethanolamide
Antón, M., Rodríguez‐González, A., Ballesta, A., Gonzàlez, N., del Pozo, A., de Fonseca, F. R., Gómez-Lus, M. L., Leza, J. C., García‐Bueno, B., Caso, J. R., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14501 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fuenzalida, C., Dufeu, M. S., Poníachik, J., Roblero, J. P., Valenzuela-Pérez, L., & Beltrán, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.729950 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective
Agarwal, K., Manza, P., Chapman, M., Nawal, N., Biesecker, E., McPherson, K. L., Dennis, E., Johnson, A., Volkow, N. D., & Joseph, P. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863734 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Substance use disorders: Psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms and new targets for therapy
Loftis, J. M., & Huckans, M. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ezquer, F. E., Morales, P., Quintanilla, M. E., Santapau, D., Lespay‐Rebolledo, C., Ezquer, M., Herrera‐Marschitz, M., & Israel, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22750-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Umhau, J. C., Schwandt, M. L., Solomon, M. G., Yuan, P., Nugent, A. C., Zarate, C. A., Drevets, W. C., Hall, S. D., George, D. T., & Heilig, M. A. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12367 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Díaz, L. A., Winder, G. S., Leggio, L., Bajaj, J. S., Bataller, R. A., & Arab, J. P. (2023) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000645 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Immune dysfunction in acute alcoholic hepatitis
Dhanda, A. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.11904 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wasiak, J., & Gawlik-Kotelnicka, O. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114459 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The mechanism of dysbiosis in alcoholic liver disease leading to liver cancer
M�ndez-S�nchez, N., Valencia-Rodríguez, A., Vera-Barajas, A., Abenavoli, L., Scarpellini, E., & Rodríguez, G. P. (2020) · Hepatoma Research · doi:10.20517/2394-5079.2019.29 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Microbiome and substances of abuse
Salavrakos, M., Leclercq, S., de Timary, P., & Dom, G. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110113 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSalvatore, J. E., Edwards, A. C., McClintick, J. N., Bigdeli, T. B., Adkins, A., Aliev, F., Edenberg, H. J., Foroud, T., Hesselbrock, V, Kramer, J., et al. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.36 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Luminet, O., Uva, M. C. D. S., Fantini‐Hauwel, C., & de Timary, P. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.062 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Acute alcohol consumption alters the peripheral cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α
Hillmer, A. T., Nadim, H., Devine, L., Jatlow, P. I., & O’Malley, S. S. (2019) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.11.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health
Wiss, D. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00193 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A dysbiotic subpopulation of alcohol-dependent subjects
de Timary, P., Leclercq, S., Stärkel, P., & Delzenne, N. M. (2015) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1107696 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMelbourne, J. K., Thompson, K. R., Peng, H., & Nixon, K. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leclercq, S., Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Stärkel, P., Jamar, F., Mikolajczak, M., Delzenne, N. M., & de Timary, P.
- Affiliations
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Delzenne, Nathalie M.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 911-918
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1705992573
- Semantic Scholar
- 0e7b0f2e0da0290af9f83f26dab1524da03a8e77
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- Alcohol and Alcoholism
- Funders
- Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- alcoholism, intestinal permeability, leaky gut, lipopolysaccharide, systemic inflammation, gut-brain axis, alcohol craving, depression, anxiety, cytokines, IL-10, TNF-α, interleukin-6, alcohol withdrawal, selective attention, non-cirrhotic patients
- MeSH terms
- Alcoholism, Anxiety, Attention, C-Reactive Protein, Chromium Radioisotopes, Depression, Edetic Acid, Enteritis, Female, Humans, Intestines, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive Behavior, Permeability, Reaction Time, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Body Mass Index, Cytokines, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
