Low-grade endotoxemia in patients with severe autism
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether levels of endotoxin and other markers of immuno-inflammatory activation are altered in adult patients with severe autism. We determined circulating serum endotoxin levels, its soluble receptor (sCD14), and markers of immuno-inflammatory activation (IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10) in 22 adult patients with severe autism and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Compared with healthy subjects, serum levels of endotoxin were significantly higher in autistic patients and inversely and independently correlated with Socialization scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) and ADI-R Domain A score (social). Whether increased endotoxin may contribute to the pathophysiology of inflammation and impaired reciprocal social interaction in autism should be further explored in future studies.
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Serum endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with severe autism, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic infection and ageing, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
“Serum endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with severe autism [30], liver cirrhosis [11], diabetes [31], cardiovascular disease [8], chronic infection and ageing [32], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease [10].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Blood endotoxin levels are increased in autism.
“Blood endotoxin levels are increased in autism [30].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Excessive use of antibiotics may result in overgrowth of Desulfovibrio, bacteria resistant to common therapy, which release LPS.
“Excessive use of antibiotics may result in the overgrowth of Desulfovibrio, i.e., bacteria resistant to common therapy, which release LPS [244].”
From The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [244]
Deficient gut epithelium integrity and increased intestinal permeability are reported in ASD.
“Deficient integrity of the gut epithelium and increased intestinal permeability are also reported (21).”
From Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, which lead to activation of the HPA axis, have been shown to be increased in those with ASD.
“Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which lead to activation of the HPA axis (Dunn, 2006), have been shown to be increased in those with ASD (Ashwood et al., 2011; Emanuele et al., 2010; von Känel et al., 2005).”
From Associations between cytokines, endocrine stress response, and gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Emanuele et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Emanuele, E., Orsi, P., Boso, M., Broglia, D., Brondino, N., Barale, F., di Nemi, S. U., & Politi, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Emanuele, Enzo
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 471
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 162-165
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974864175
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, endotoxemia, endotoxin, soluble CD14, IL-1β, interleukin-6, IL-10, neuroinflammation, adaptive behavior, social interaction, autistic adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Endotoxins, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Social Behavior, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, Endotoxemia, Interleukin-1beta, Young Adult
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