Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the world mental health surveys
Open accessAbstract
Background Although the proposal for a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-5 is supported by considerable clinical and neurobiological evidence, this evidence comes mostly from referred samples in Western countries. Cross-national population epidemiologic surveys were analyzed to evaluate generalizability of the subtype in more diverse samples. Methods Interviews were administered to 25,018 respondents in 16 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month DSM-IV PTSD and other common DSM-IV disorders. Items from a checklist of past-month nonspecific psychological distress were used to assess dissociative symptoms of depersonalization and derealization. Differences between PTSD with and without these dissociative symptoms were examined across a variety of domains, including index trauma characteristics, prior trauma history, childhood adversity, sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment seeking. Results Dissociative symptoms were present in 14.4% of respondents with 12-month DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview PTSD and did not differ between high and low/middle income countries. Symptoms of dissociation in PTSD were associated with high counts of re-experiencing symptoms and net of these symptom counts with male sex, childhood onset of PTSD, high exposure to prior (to the onset of PTSD) traumatic events and childhood adversities, prior histories of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia, severe role impairment, and suicidality. Conclusion These results provide community epidemiologic data documenting the value of the dissociative subtype in distinguishing a meaningful proportion of severe and impairing cases of PTSD that have distinct correlates across a diverse set of countries.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Transdiagnostically, heightened dissociative symptoms are associated with poor functional outcomes.
“poor functional outcomes (Stein et al., 2013)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2013
The Results section (“Impairment, Suicidality, and Treatment”; page not provided) reports greater PTSD-related role impairment and suicidality among respondents with PTSD who had dissociation. This supports an association with poor functional outcomes in PTSD, but the paper does not establish that association transdiagnostically. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransdiagnostically, heightened dissociative symptoms are associated with increased disease severity.
“Transdiagnostically, heighted dissociative symptoms are associated with increased disease severity (Belli et al., 2012;Rufer et al., 2006a;Stein et al., 2013)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2013
The Results (Impairment, Suicidality, and Treatment) associate dissociation with greater PTSD-related impairment and suicidality, and the Discussion relates it to PTSD severity. The study examines PTSD, not severity across diagnoses; it also compares the presence versus absence of dissociative symptoms rather than measuring progressively heightened symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransdiagnostically, heightened dissociative symptoms are associated with elevated risk of suicidality.
“elevated risk of suicidality (Stein et al., 2013)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2013
The Results section (“Impairment, Suicidality, and Treatment”) reports significantly elevated odds of 12-month suicidality among respondents with PTSD who had dissociative symptoms, compared with those without them. That supports the association with suicidality, but the study does not establish it transdiagnostically: its analysis is confined to respondents with PTSD. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased disease severity, earlier age of onset, and poorer functional outcomes have been reported in the dissociative subtype of PTSD.
“Critically, increased disease severity (e.g., elevated risk of 12-month suicidality), earlier age of onset, and poorer functional outcomes have been reported in this subtype (Stein et al., 2013).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Stein et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305 · see citing works
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302 · see citing works
Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales
Straus, M. A. (1979) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351733 · Cited by 6,187 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 2× · see citing works
“47. van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C (1996): The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: Meta-analytic validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES).”
BackgroundComplex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma
Herman, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305 · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
Self-citationCloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B. V. D., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20444 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Introduction to Variance Estimation.
King, B. F., & Wolter, K. M. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289497 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Statistics with Confidence: Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines.
JOLLIFFE, F. R., Gardner, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1990) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2982808 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Empirical support for the subtype includes evidence for antecedent validators (that trauma and stress are linked to dissociation) (4), concurrent validators (that distinctive psychobiological mechanisms underlie dissociation) (9), predictive validators (that dissociation predicts poor treatment outcome) (10,11), and d…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCloître, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Self-citationCloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Self-citationHaro, J. M., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Brugha, T. S., De Girolamo, G., Guyer, M. E., Jin, R., Lepine, J. P., Mazzi, F., Reneses, B., Vilagut, G., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.196 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing Psychiatric Impairment in Primary Care with the Sheehan Disability Scale
Leon, A. C., Olfson, M., Portera, L., Farber, L., & Sheehan, D. V. (1997) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/t8em-c8yh-373n-1uwd · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Borges, G., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000123 · Cited by 912 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Suicidality was assessed with the CIDI suicidal behavior module (41), which asked about 12-month occurrence of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts.”
MethodSelf-citationTypes of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences.
Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.3.300 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2008) · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Self-citationFoster youth transitions to adulthood: a longitudinal view of youth leaving care.
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation.
Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027447 · Cited by 667 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To our knowledge, though, there have been no large-scale population-based studies of dissociation in PTSD, leaving it unclear whether associations documented in clinical studies, such as those between the dissociative subtype and early childhood adversities or repeated traumatic experiences (9,18,19), generalize to th…”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Schuengel, C. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00006-2 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF HYSTERIA
Janet, P. F. M. (1921) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-192104000-00028 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-5
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20753 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21889 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citationCloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80060-7 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.3.328 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders in DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardeña, E., & Dell, P. F. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20874 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction to Variance Estimation
Stokes, L. (2008) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2008.s253 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. M., Ruscio, J., & Keane, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.290 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationTrauma-Related Dissociation: Conceptual Clarity Lost and Found
Van Der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., Steele, K., & Brown, D. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01480.x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Patterns of dissociation in clinical and nonclinical samples
PUTNAM, F. W., CARLSON, E. B., ROSS, C. A., ANDERSON, G., CLARK, P., TOREM, M., BOWMAN, E. S., COONS, P., CHU, J. A., DILL, D. L., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199611000-00004 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Classification of trauma and stressor-related disorders in DSM-5
Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., Strain, J. J., Horowitz, M. J., & Spiegel, D. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20845 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationA Latent Class Analysis of Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Reardon, A. F., Ryabchenko, K. A., Castillo, D. T., & Freund, R. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1574 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders and Suicidality in Psychiatric Outpatients
Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Neft, D. I., & Lipschitz, D. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815fa4e7 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Wolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., Miller, M. W., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., & Schnurr, P. P. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21946 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationThe family history method: whose psychiatric history is measured?
Kendler, K. S., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.11.1501 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationCloitre, M., Petkova, E., Wang, J., & Lu Lassell, F. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21920 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Steuwe, C., Lanius, R. A., & Frewen, P. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21944 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Improving accuracy of major depression age‐of‐onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey
Knäuper, B., Cannell, C. F., Schwarz, N., Bruce, M. L., & Kessler, R. C. (1999) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.55 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationResick, P. A., Suvak, M. K., Johnides, B. D., Mitchell, K. S., & Iverson, K. M. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21938 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociative disorders in DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardeña, E., & Dell, P. F. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20923 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationLanius, R. A., Frewen, P., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Yehuda, R. (2010) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5467 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Does dissociation further our understanding of PTSD?
Bryant, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Introduction to variance estimation, 2nd ed.
Wolter, K. M. (2007) · Cited by 132 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationLöchner, C., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M. J., Kinnear, C. J., Corfield, V. A., Niehaus, D. J. H., Moolman‐Smook, J. C., & Stein, D. J. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationGinzburg, K., Koopman, C., Butler, L. D., Palesh, O., Kraemer, H. C., Classen, C. C., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v07n02_02 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting the latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric study of combat veterans
Forbes, D., Haslam, N., Williams, B. J., & Creamer, M. C. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20073 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Evren, C., Sar, V., Dalbudak, E., Cetin, R., Durkaya, M., Evren, B., & Celik, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Kessler, R. C., Haro, J. M., Heeringa, S. G., Pennell, B.-E., & Bedirhan Üstün, T. (2006) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00004395 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation(2008) · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Major Symptoms of Hysteria; Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School of Harvard University
Janet, P. F. M. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Culture and Conversion Disorder: Implications for DSM-5
Brown, R. J., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2011) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2011.74.3.187 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A taxometric investigation of dissociation in Vietnam veterans
Waelde, L. C., Silvern, L. E., & Fairbank, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20034 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dissociative Symptomatology in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Disorders of Extreme Stress
Zucker, M., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M. E., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2006) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v07n01_03 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School of Harvard University
&NA; (1922) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-192208000-00021 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Nugent, N. R., Koenen, K. C., & Bradley, B. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.07.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationKamen, C. S., Bergström, J., Koopman, C., Lee, S. S., & Gore-Felton, C. E. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.608629 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [2]Strachey J 1955 The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume II (1893–1895): Studies on Hysteria London The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis
- [30]First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW 2002 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP) New York Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a National Sample of Adolescents
McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities
Dvir, Y., Ford, J. D., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. A. (2014) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000014 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits
Ressler, K. J., Berretta, S., Bolshakov, V. Y., Rosso, I. M., Meloni, E. G., Rauch, S. L., & Carlezon, W. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00635-8 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, L., Shahly, V., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22169 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationFinalizing PTSD in DSM-5 : Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next
Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21840 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationBoyd, J. E., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170021 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders in DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardeña, E., & Dell, P. F. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20874 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationZoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Alonso, J., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.028 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“Data are from the 13 surveys in the WMH surveys that assessed PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs (31).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDissociation debates: everything you know is wrong
Loewenstein, R. J. (2018) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2018.20.3/rloewenstein · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview
Dorahy, M. J., Brand, B. L., Şar, V., Krüger, C., Stavropoulos, P., Martínez-Taboas, A., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Middleton, W. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414527523 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma.
Cross, D., Fani, N., Powers, A. D., & Bradley, B. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12198 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders in DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Lewis‐Fernández, R., Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Simeon, D., & Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationFord, J. D., & Gómez, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.989563 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms
Gibson, L. E., Alloy, L. B., & Ellman, L. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.79 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Integrating Trauma‐Informed Care Into Maternity Care Practice: Conceptual and Practical Issues
Sperlich, M. I., Seng, J. S., Li, Y., Taylor, J. S., & Bradbury‐Jones, C. (2017) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12674 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Friston, K. J., Zeidman, P., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Densmore, M., Neufeld, R. W. J., Théberge, J., Corrigan, F., Jetly, R., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23748 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationMother–infant attachment and the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder
Enlow, M. B., Egeland, B. R., Carlson, E. A., Blood, E., & Wright, R. J. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000515 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
Kearney, B. E., & Lanius, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Additionally, PTSD + DS occurs in up to 44% of individuals with PTSD and is characterized by additional symptoms of derealization and depersonalization (Lanius et al., 2010b; Steuwe et al., 2012; Wolf et al., 2012b; Stein et al., 2013; Armour et al., 2014; Blevins et al., 2014; for a review, see Hansen et al., 2017; W…”
BackgroundBrand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Krüger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000100 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic models of anxiety disorder: Theoretical and empirical underpinnings
Norton, P. J., & Paulus, D. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Distinct intrinsic network connectivity patterns of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters
Tursich, M., Ros, T., Frewen, P. A., Kluetsch, R. C., Calhoun, V. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12387 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Andrewes, D., & Jenkins, L. (2019) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-019-09398-4 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Knefel, M., Tran, U. S., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Lanius, R. A., Boyd, J. E., McKinnon, M. C., Nicholson, A. A., Frewen, P., Vermetten, E., Jetly, R., & Spiegel, D. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0983-y · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationThe link between dissociation and both suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury: Meta-analyses
Calati, R., Bensassi, I., & Courtet, P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.035 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Sapru, I., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Théberge, J., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.02.002 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Harricharan, S., Rabellino, D., Frewen, P. A., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., McKinnon, M. C., Schore, A. N., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.579 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Changes in Comorbid Conditions After Prolonged Exposure for PTSD: a Literature Review
van Minnen, A., Zoellner, L. A., Harned, M. S., & Mills, K. L. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0549-1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Rabellino, D., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24081 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Biomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.019 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Comorbidity between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review
Frías, Á., & Palma, C. (2015) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000363145 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Neural contributors to trauma resilience: a review of longitudinal neuroimaging studies
Roeckner, A. R., Oliver, K. I., Lebois, L. A. M., van Rooij, S. J. H., & Stevens, J. S. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01633-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.625490 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Bae, H., Kim, D., & Park, Y. C. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1037039 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Trauma and Dissociation: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Spiegel, D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0434-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationHierarchical structure of emotional disorders: From individual symptoms to the spectrum.
Waszczuk, M. A., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C. J., Gámez, W., & Watson, D. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000264 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
McKinnon, M. C., Boyd, J. E., Frewen, P. A., Lanius, U. F., Jetly, R., Richardson, J. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…et al., 2015; Spiegel et al., 2013; Steuwe et al., 2012; Tsai et al., 2015; Wolf et al., 2012a, 2012b) Critically, increased disease severity (e.g., elevated risk of 12-month suicidality), earlier age of onset, and poorer functional outcomes have been reported in this subtype (Stein et al., 2013).”
InfluentialReinders, A. A. T. S., Willemsen, A. T. M., den Boer, J. A., Vos, H. P. J., Veltman, D. J., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Harricharan, S., Densmore, M., Neufeld, R. W. J., Ros, T., McKinnon, M. C., Frewen, P., Théberge, J., Jetly, R., Pedlar, D., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102262 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Ozdemir, O., Boysan, M., Özdemir, P. G., & Yılmaz, E. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.045 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Trauma-Related Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders:
Boyer, S. M., Caplan, J. E., & Edwards, L. K. (2022) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2022.05.010 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Sadeh, N., Hein, C. L., Fuhrman, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Miller, M. W. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115615212 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
White, W. F., Burgess, A., Dalgleish, T., Halligan, S. L., Hiller, R. M., Oxley, A., Smith, P. A., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001647 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: a latent profile analysis
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., & Witte, T. K. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21933 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray
Terpou, B. A., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Frewen, P., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24447 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et al. (2014).
Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Cardeña, E., Frewen, P., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0036685 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationWolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000036 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Latent profile analysis and principal axis factoring of the DSM-5 dissociative subtype
Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F. D., Steuwe, C., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26406 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder
Zhang, Y., Liu, F., Chen, H., Li, M., Duan, X., Xie, B., & Chen, H. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.043 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sexual problems and post‐traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta‐analytic review
O’Driscoll, C., & Flanagan, E. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12077 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Armour, C., Elklit, A., Lauterbach, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.008 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Thome, J., Terpou, B. A., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22977 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wolf, E. J., Rasmusson, A. M., Mitchell, K. S., Logue, M. W., Baldwin, C. T., & Miller, M. W. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22260 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hoeboer, C. M., de Kleine, R. A., Molendijk, M. L., Schoorl, M., Oprel, D. A. C., Mouthaan, J., van der Does, W. A. J., & van Minnen, A. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.30 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mental Disorders Around the World
Scott, K. M., de Jonge, P., Stein, D. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316336168 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationBeutler, S., Mertens, Y. L., Ladner, L., Schellong, J., Croy, I., & Daniels, J. K. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2132599 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Between 6 and 45% of dissociative PTSD patients (Hansen et al., 2017) exhibit more severe psychological symptoms (more re-experiencing, higher suicidality, and impaired role functioning) than non-dissociative PTSD patients (e.g. Stein et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTraumatic dissociation: Theory, research, and treatment.
Bailey, T. D., & Brand, B. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12195 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Halvorsen, J. Ø., Stenmark, H. I., Neuner, F., & Nordahl, H. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rabellino, D., Frewen, P. A., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.586605 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
DSM–5’s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Dissociative Symptoms: Challenges and Future Directions
Dorahy, M. J., & van der Hart, O. (2014) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.908806 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
van Huijstee, J., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_33 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Franzke, I., Wabnitz, P., & Catani, C. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.989646 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
TRANCEFORMATIONS: HYPNOSIS IN BRAIN AND BODY
Spiegel, D. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22046 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationTrauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model
Frewen, P., & Lanius, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.873377 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence: an umbrella review
Schincariol, A., Orrù, G., Otgaar, H., Sartori, G., & Scarpazza, C. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002319 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zoellner, L. A., Bedard‐Gilligan, M. A., Jun, J. J., Marks, L. H., & Garcia, N. M. (2013) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-013-9175-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Persistent Dissociation and Its Neural Correlates in Predicting Outcomes After Trauma Exposure
Lebois, L. A. M., Harnett, N. G., van Rooij, S. J. H., Ely, T. D., Jovanovic, T., Bruce, S. E., House, S. L., Ravichandran, C., Dumornay, N. M., Finegold, K. E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21090911 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationArmour, C., Contractor, A. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Elhai, J. D. (2014) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9196-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bennett, D. C., Modrowski, C. A., Kerig, P. K., & Chaplo, S. D. (2015) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000057 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Choi, K. R., Seng, J. S., Briggs, E. C., Munro‐Kramer, M. L., Graham‐Bermann, S. A., Lee, R. C., & Ford, J. D. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.425 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Boyd, J. E., Protopopescu, A., O’Connor, C., Neufeld, R. W. J., Jetly, R., Hood, H. K., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1463794 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
van Dijke, A., Ford, J. D., Frank, L. E., & van der Hart, O. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1016253 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dissociative subtype of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. veterans
Tsai, J., Armour, C., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fragkaki, I., Thomaes, K., & Sijbrandij, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30915 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Salter, M., & Hall, H. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020979667 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Brand, B. L., Schielke, H. J., Brams, J. S., & DiComo, R. A. (2017) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-017-9305-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Traumatische Erfahrungen in der älteren deutschen Bevölkerung
Glaesmer, H. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-014-0624-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The relationship of psychological trauma with trichotillomania and skin picking
Özten, E., Sayar, G., Eryılmaz, G., Kağan, G., Işık, S., & Karamustafalıoğlu, O. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s79554 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brand, B. L., Schielke, H. J., & Brams, J. S. (2017) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-017-9304-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Swart, S., Wildschut, M., Draijer, N., Langeland, W., & Smit, J. H. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000474 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM‐5: New criteria and controversies.
Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., & Keane, T. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12070 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101807 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
van Duijl, M., Kleijn, W. C., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-8-24 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Daniels, J. K., Frewen, P., Theberge, J., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12464 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity: Untangling the Gordian Knot
Lockwood, E., & Forbes, D. (2014) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9189-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stern, Y., Koren, D., Moebus, R., Panishev, G., & Salomon, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092931 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Is Dissociation a Fundamental Component of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Hyland, P., Hamer, R., Fox, R. J., Vallières, F., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Cloître, M. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2231928 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chu, D. A., Bryant, R. A., Gatt, J. M., & Harris, A. W. F. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.03.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Brand, B. L., Dalenberg, C. J., Frewen, P., Loewenstein, R. J., Schielke, H. J., Brams, J. S., & Spiegel, D. (2018) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-018-9336-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationAutobiographical memory specificity in dissociative identity disorder
Huntjens, R. J. C., Wessel, I., Hermans, D., & van Minnen, A. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036624 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Murphy, J., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22439 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psychological trauma at different developmental stages and ICD-11 CPTSD: The role of dissociation
Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Hyland, P. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1934936 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Out-of-Body Experience in Virtual Reality Induces Acute Dissociation
der Kloet, D. V. H.-V., Cosgrave, J., van Rheede, J. V., & Hicks, S. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness · doi:10.1037/cns0000172 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brewerton, T. D., Alexander, J. G., & Schaefer, J. (2018) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0628-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chiba, T., Ide, K., Taylor, J. E., Boku, S., Toda, H., Kanazawa, T., Kato, S., Horiuchi, Y., Hishimoto, A., Maruyama, T., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0827-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Autonomic responses to fear conditioning among women with PTSD and dissociation
Seligowski, A. V., Lebois, L. A. M., Hill, S. B., Kahhale, I., Wolff, J. D., Jovanovic, T., Winternitz, S. R., Kaufman, M. L., & Ressler, K. J. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22903 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kearney, B. E., Terpou, B. A., Densmore, M., Shaw, S. B., Théberge, J., Jetly, R., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103426 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Spiegel, D., Borges, G., Bunting, B., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Matschinger, H., Mladenova, M., Posada-Villa, J., Tachimori, H., Viana, M. C., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Columbia University (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (MX)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- University of Balamand (LB)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- New Bulgarian University (BG)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 302-312
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3589990
- OpenAlex
- W2133036344
- Semantic Scholar
- 8601d919bf5250f9bfb8f93096a6cecaa3d5db7a
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 28.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Public Health Agency (COM/4411/10, COM/4437/11)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05, 5r01mh093612-03)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K023241/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, R01-MH092526, R01-MH093612, K01MH092526, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation, depersonalization, derealization, DSM-5, childhood adversity, re-experiencing symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, functional disability, treatment seeking, World Mental Health Surveys
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
