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Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation of algal biofuels
Abstract
Biofuels made from algal biomass are being considered as the most suitable alternative energy in current global and economical scenario. Microalgae are known to produce and accumulate lipids within their cell mass which is similar to those found in many vegetable oils. The efficient lipid producer algae cell mass has been reported to contain more than 30% of their cell weight as lipids. According to US DOE microalgae have the potential to produce 100 times more oil per acre land than any terrestrial plants. This article reviews up to date literature on the composition of algae, mechanism of oil droplets, triacylglycerol (TAG) production in algal biomass, research and development made in the cultivation of algal biomass, harvesting strategies, and recovery of lipids from algal mass. The economical challenges in the production of biofuels from algal biomass have been discussed in view of the future prospects in the commercialisation of algal fuels.
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Kim, S.-S., Ly, H. V., Kim, J., Lee, E. Y., & Woo, H. C. (2014) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.045 · Cited by 110
Uduman, N., Bourniquel, V., Danquah, M. K., & Hoadley, A. (2011) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.012 · Cited by 110
Kurosawa, K., Wewetzer, S., & Sinskey, A. J. (2013) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/1754-6834-6-134 · Cited by 107
“In addition, although algae have been considered as an attractive biocatalyst for lipid-based fuels owing to their ability to produce substantial amounts of TAGs [16,17], it is currently estimated that large-scale production of biofuels from algae is unsustainable using existing technologies [18,19].”
Recycling and reuse of spent microalgal biomass for sustainable biofuels
Rashid, N., Rehman, M. S. U., & Han, J.-I. (2013) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.001 · Cited by 106
Saratale, R. G., Ponnusamy, V. K., Banu, J. R., Sirohi, R., Piechota, G., Shobana, S., Dharmaraja, J., Lay, C., Saratale, G. D., Shin, H. S., et al. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127691 · Cited by 105
Assessment of Environmental Stresses for Enhanced Microalgal Biofuel Production – An Overview
Cheng, D., & He, Q. (2014) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00026 · Cited by 106
Zhang, X., Rong, J., Chen, H., He, C., & Wang, Q. (2014) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00032 · Cited by 102
“The main advantages and limitation of open ponds and PBRs are summarized in Table 3 (Singh et al., 2011b; Pires et al., 2012; Arbib et al., 2013).”
BackgroundThe Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol
Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B. T., & Fortwendel, J. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036 · Cited by 102
“Furthermore, microalgae accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides and triacylglycerols – storage lipids and energy sources, and thereby they are suitable for simultaneous production of bioethanol and biodiesel (Mata et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2011; Suutari et al., 2015).”
BackgroundA critical review on different harvesting techniques for algal based biodiesel production
Ananthi, V., Balaji, P., Sindhu, R., Kim, S., Pugazhendhi, A., & Arun, A. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146467 · Cited by 102
Kim, H. T., Chung, J. H., Wang, D., Lee, J., Woo, H. C., Choi, I., & Kim, K. H. (2012) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-012-3882-x · Cited by 101
“Although marine biomass is thought to be the most abundant and sustainable resource for fermentative biofuel production (Jensen 1993; John et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2011), fermentable sugar availability or yield from marine biomass, such as macroalgae, remains a challenge due to the unique carbohydrate composition of…”
An overview: Recycling of solid barley waste generated as a by-product in distillery and brewery
Nigam, P. S. N. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.018 · Cited by 101
“Hence, there is a need to promote a faster deployment of sustainable second generation bioethanol that will not compete with human food produc- tion (Singh et al., 2011a–c).”
BackgroundUsing macroalgae as biofuel: Current opportunities and challenges
Gao, G., Burgess, J. G., Wu, M., Wang, S., & Gao, K. (2020) · Botanica Marina · doi:10.1515/bot-2019-0065 · Cited by 99
Yan, C., & Zheng, Z. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.054 · Cited by 99
Kondaveeti, S., Abu-Reesh, I. M., Mohanakrishna, G., Bulut, M., & Pant, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00094 · Cited by 99
“For instance, S. maxima has about 60∼70% w/w proteins, Porphyidium cruentum generates around 57% proteins, and Scenedesmus dimorphus generates up to 40% w/w of lipids (Nigam and Singh, 2011; Venkata Mohan et al., 2011) (Table 4).”
BackgroundSilva, A. D. S. E., de Magalhães, W. T., Moreira, L. M., Rocha, M. V., & Bastos, A. K. P. (2018) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.015 · Cited by 86
Microalgal biorefineries: a systematic review of technological trade-offs and innovation pathways
Geng, Y., Shaukat, A., Azhar, W., Raza, Q.-U.-A., Tahir, A., Abideen, M. Z. U., Zia, M. A. B., Bashir, M. A., & Rehim, A. (2025) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-025-02694-7 · Cited by 96
Optimization of the biomass production of oil algae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341
Li, Z., Yuan, H., Yang, J., & Li, B. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.004 · Cited by 98
Sundaram, T., Sundaram, V. A., Dey, N., Gulothungan, G., Subbaiya, R., Govarthanan, M., Karmegam, N., & Kim, W. (2022) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123494 · Cited by 97
Biofuel Production in Ireland-An Approach to 2020 Targets with a Focus on Algal Biomass
Murphy, F., Devlin, G., Deverell, R., & McDonnell, K. (2013) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en6126391 · Cited by 95
“Moreover, municipal wastewater streams can be harvest to provide additional nutrients [13].”
BackgroundBioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms: Potential for Bone Growth and Healing
Carson, M. A., & Clarke, S. A. (2018) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md16090340 · Cited by 95
“Algal aquaculture requires consideration of temperature, light levels, hydrodynamic and general stress levels, as well as many other factors [100].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, A., Nigam, P. S., & Murphy, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nigam, Poonam Singh
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-34
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124790961
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- algal biofuels, microalgae, lipid accumulation, triglyceride synthesis, algae cultivation, algal harvesting, lipid recovery, commercialization, economic problems, alternative energy
- MeSH terms
- Forecasting, Oils, Triglycerides, Biomass, Lipid Metabolism, Biofuels, Microalgae
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