Stretchable wireless system for sweat pH monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Sensor-laden wearable systems that are capable of providing continuous measurement of key physiological parameters coupled with data storage, drug delivery and feedback therapy have attracted huge interest. Here we report a stretchable wireless system for sweat pH monitoring, which is able to withstand up to 53% uniaxial strain and more than 500 cycles to 30% strain. The stretchability of the pH sensor patch is provided by a pair of serpentine-shaped stretchable interconnects. The pH sensing electrode is made of graphite-polyurethane composite, which is suitable for biosensor application. The sensing patch validated through in-depth electrochemical studies, exhibits a pH sensitivity of 11.13 ± 5.8 mV/pH with a maximum response time of 8 s. Interference study of ions and analyte (Na+, K+ and glucose) in test solutions shows negligible influence on the pH sensor performance. The pH data can be wirelessly and continuously transmitted to smartphone through a stretchable radio-frequency-identification antenna, of which the radiating performance is stable under 20% strain, as proved by vector network analyzer measurement. To evaluate the full system, the pH value of a human sweat equivalent solution has been measured and wirelessly transmitted to a custom-developed smart phone App.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The results enable continuous streaming of data at rates of up to 800 bytes/s with dual channels, orders of magnitude larger than previously achieved in NFC sensors.
“The results enable continuous streaming of data at rates of up to 800 bytes/s with dual channels, which is orders of magnitude larger than those previously achieved in NFC sensors (15–17).”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
Section 2.3 (pp. 11–12) describes NFC readout of two measurements, pH and temperature. It says the device was programmed to send data once every five seconds, but gives no 800 bytes/s streaming rate or orders-of-magnitude comparison with earlier NFC sensors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral research groups have recently developed mechanically flexible and fully integrated wearable sweat sensors for analysis of biofluid metabolites and electrolytes and pH sensing.
“Several research groups have recently developed mechanically flexible and fully integrated wearable sweat sensors (in wristband, temporary tattoo, eyeglasses, mouthguard) for analysis of biofluid metabolites and electrolytes (e.g., glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium) and pH sensing [156-160].”
From Wearables and the Medical Revolution (2018) · cites this paper as [157]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis
Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., Fahad, H. M., Ota, H., Shiraki, H., Kiriya, D., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16521 · Cited by 5,087 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For this reason, recently there has been increased interest in monitoring health conditions through body fluids such as sweat, tears and urine etc. (Farandos et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring
Liu, Y., Pharr, M., & Salvatore, G. A. (2017) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b04898 · Cited by 1,725 · see citing works
Simple accurate expressions for planar spiral inductances
Mohan, S. S., Hershenson, M. D. M., Boyd, S., & Lee, T. H. (1999) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.792620 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Lee, H., Song, C., Hong, Y. S., Kim, M., Cho, H. R., Kang, T., Shin, K., Choi, S. H., Hyeon, T., & Kim, D.-H. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601314 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Printable elastic conductors with a high conductivity for electronic textile applications
Matsuhisa, N., Kaltenbrunner, M., Yokota, T., Jinno, H., Kuribara, K., Sekitani, T., & Someya, T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8461 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Imani, S., Bandodkar, A. J., Mohan, A. M. V., Kumar, R., Yu, S., Wang, J., & Mercier, P. P. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11650 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Emaminejad, S., Gao, W., Wu, E., Davies, Z. A., Yin Yin Nyein, H., Challa, S., Ryan, S. P., Fahad, H. M., Chen, K., Shahpar, Z., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701740114 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Sonner, Z., Wilder, E., Heikenfeld, J., Kasting, G., Beyette, F., Swaile, D., Sherman, F., Joyce, J., Hagen, J., Kelley-Loughnane, N., et al. (2015) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.4921039 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Haghi, M., Thurow, K., & Stoll, R. (2017) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2017.23.1.4 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics
Farandos, N. M., Yetisen, A. K., Monteiro, M. J., Lowe, C. R., & Yun, S. H. (2015) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201400504 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
A wearable multisensing patch for continuous sweat monitoring
Anastasova, S., Crewther, B., Bembnowicz, P., Curto, V., Ip, H. M., Rosa, B., & Yang, G.-Z. (2017) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.038 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Variations in Regional Sweat Composition in Normal Human Males
Patterson, M. J., Galloway, S. D. R., & Nimmo, M. A. (2000) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.2000.02058.x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Adhesive RFID Sensor Patch for Monitoring of Sweat Electrolytes
Rose, D. P., Ratterman, M. E., Griffin, D. K., Hou, L., Kelley-Loughnane, N., Naik, R. R., Hagen, J. A., Papautsky, I., & Heikenfeld, J. C. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2369991 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring
Bandodkar, A. J., Hung, V. W. S., Jia, W., Valdés-Ramírez, G., Windmiller, J. R., Martinez, A. G., Ramírez, J., Chan, G., Kerman, K., & Wang, J. (2013) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c2an36422k · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Nakata, S., Arie, T., Akita, S., & Takei, K. (2017) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.7b00047 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Toward Flexible and Wearable Human‐Interactive Health‐Monitoring Devices
Takei, K., Honda, W., Harada, S., Arie, T., & Akita, S. (2014) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201400546 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Ultra-thin chips for high-performance flexible electronics
Gupta, S., Navaraj, W. T., Lorenzelli, L., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-018-0021-5 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergy‐Autonomous, Flexible, and Transparent Tactile Skin
García‐Núñez, C., Navaraj, W. T., Polat, E. O., & Dahiya, R. (2017) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201606287 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationStretchable, Wireless Sensors and Functional Substrates for Epidermal Characterization of Sweat
Huang, X. L., Liu, Y., Chen, K., Shin, W., Lu, C., Kong, G., Patnaik, D., Lee, S., Cortes, J. F., & Rogers, J. A. (2014) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201400483 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Epidermal Electronics with Advanced Capabilities in Near-Field Communication
Kim, J., Banks, A., Cheng, H., Xie, Z., Xu, S., Jang, K.-I., Lee, J. W., Liu, Z., Gutruf, P., Huang, X., et al. (2015) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201402495 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Mobile phone-based biosensing: An emerging “diagnostic and communication” technology
Quesada-González, D., & Merkoçi, A. (2016) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.062 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Glucose monitoring by reverse iontophoresis
Potts, R. O., Tamada, J. A., & Tierney, M. J. (2002) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.210 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Corrie, S. R., Coffey, J. W., Islam, J., Markey, K. A., & Kendall, M. A. F. (2015) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c5an00464k · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Curto, V. F., Fay, C., Coyle, S. M., Byrne, R. J., O’Toole, C., Barry, C., Hughes, S. M., Moyna, N. M., Diamond, D., & Benito‐Lopez, F. (2012) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.048 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
A wearable conductivity sensor for wireless real-time sweat monitoring
Liu, G.-Y., Ho, C., Slappey, N., Zhou, Z., Snelgrove, S. E., Brown, M., Grabinski, A. K., Guo, X., Chen, Y., Miller, K. C., et al. (2015) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.034 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Relationship between Lactate Concentrations in Active Muscle Sweat and Whole Blood
Sakharov, D. A., Shkurnikov, M. Y., Vagin, M. Y., Yashina, E. I., Karyakin, A. A., & Tonevitsky, A. (2010) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-010-1075-0 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Reverse iontophoresis for non-invasive transdermal monitoring
Leboulanger, B., Guy, R. H., & Delgado-Charro, M. B. (2004) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/3/r01 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Manjakkal, L., Cvejin, K., Kulawik, J., et al. (2014) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.067 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationPotentiometric miniaturized pH sensors based on polypyrrole films
Lakard, B., Ségut, O., Lakard, S., et al. (2006) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.112 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of RuO2 Based Thick Film pH Sensors
Manjakkal, L., Djurdjic, E., Cvejin, K., et al. (2015) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.048 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationTiO2-Based Thick Film pH Sensor
Simić, M., Manjakkal, L., Zaraska, K., et al. (2016) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2628765 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationde Toledo, R. A., Santos, M. C., Cavalheiro, É. T. G., et al. (2005) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-005-3066-y · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Graphite‐Polyurethane Composite Electrode for the Analysis of Furosemide
Semaan, F. S., Pinto, E. M., Cavalheiro, É. T. G., et al. (2008) · Electroanalysis · doi:10.1002/elan.200804329 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Investigation of tin oxides as sensing layers in conductimetric interdigitated pH sensors
Arshak, K. I., Gill, E., Arshak, A., et al. (2007) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.07.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sweat ammonia excretion during submaximal cycling exercise
Czarnowski, D., & Górski, J. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.371 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Baccarin, M., Cervini, P., & Cavalheiro, É. T. G. (2017) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.094 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
pH of sweat of patients with cystic fibrosis
Nikolajek, W. P., & Emrich, H. M. (1976) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01468925 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Heikenfeld, J. C. (2014) · IEEE Spectrum · doi:10.1109/mspec.2014.6934933 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Saciloto, T. R., Cervini, P., & Cavalheiro, É. T. G. (2012) · Analytical Letters · doi:10.1080/00032719.2012.718829 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Epidermal electronics – flexible electronics for biomedical applications
Dahiya, R. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139629539.023 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigation of Thick-Film Polyaniline-Based Conductimetric pH Sensors for Medical Applications
Gill, E., Arshak, A., Arshak, K. I., et al. (2009) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2009.2016608 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cesarino, I., Cavalheiro, É. T. G., & Brett, C. M. A. (2010) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-010-0321-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 32
- Arshak, K., Gill, E., Arshak, A., Korostynska, O., 2007. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 127 (1), 42-53.
- Bandodkar, A.J., Hung, V.W.S., Jia, W., Valdes-Ramirez, G., Windmiller, J.R., Martinez, A.G., Ramirez, J., Chan, G., Kerman, K., Wang, J., 2013. Analyst 138 (1), 123-128.
- Cesarino, I., Cavalheiro, É.T.G., Brett, C.M.A., 2010. Microchimi. Acta 171(1-2), 1-9.
- Corrie, S.R., Coffey, J.W., Islam, J., Markey, K.A., Kendall, M.A.F., 2015. Analyst 140 (13), 43504364.
- Czarnowski, D., Gorski, J., 1991. J. Appl. Physiol. 70 (1), 371-374.
- de Toledo, R.A., Santos, M.C., Cavalheiro, E.T.G., Mazo, L.H., 2005. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381 (6), 1161-1166.
- Emaminejad, S., Gao, W., Wu, E., Davies, Z.A., Yin Yin Nyein, H., Challa, S., Ryan, S.P., Fahad, H.M., Chen, K., Shahpar, Z., Talebi, S., Milla, C., Javey, A., Davis, R.W., 2017. Proc. Natl. Acad.
- Farandos, N.M., Yetisen, A.K., Monteiro, M.J., Lowe, C.R., Yun, S.H., 2015. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4 (6), 792-810.
- Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H.Y.Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., Fahad, H.M., Ota, H., Shiraki, H., Kiriya, D., Lien, D.-H., Brooks, G.A., Davis, R.W., Javey, A., 2016. Nature 529 (7587), 509-514.
- Gill, E.I., Arshak, A., Arshak, K., Korostynska, O., 2009. IEEE Sens. J. 9 (5), 555-562.
- Haghi, M., Thurow, K., Stoll, R., 2017. Healthc. Inform. Res. 23 (1), 4-15.
- Heikenfeld, J., 2014. IEEE Spectrum 51 (11), 46-63.
- Huang, X., Liu, Y., Chen, K., Shin, W.-J., Lu, C.-J., Kong, G.-W., Patnaik, D., Lee, S.-H., Cortes, J.F., Rogers, J.A., 2014. Small 10 (15), 3083-3090.
- Kim, J., Banks, A., Cheng, H., Xie, Z., Xu, S., Jang, K.-I., Lee, J.W., Liu, Z., Gutruf, P., Huang, X., Wei, P., Liu, F., Li, K., Dalal, M., Ghaffari, R., Feng, X., Huang, Y., Gupta, S., Paik, U., Rogers, J.A., 2015. Small 11 (8), 906-912.
- Lakard, B., Segut, O., Lakard, S., Herlem, G., Gharbi, T., 2007. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 122 (1), 101108.
- Leboulanger, B., Guy, R.H., Delgado-Charro, M.B., 2004. Physiol. Meas. 25 (3), R35-R50.
- Lee, H., Song, C., Hong, Y.S., Kim, M.S., Cho, H.R., Kang, T., Shin, K., Choi, S.H., Hyeon, T., Kim, D.-H., 2017. Sci. Adv. 3 (3), e1601314.
- Liu, Y., Pharr, M., Salvatore, G.A., 2017. ACS Nano 11 (10), 9614-9635.
- Mohan, S.S., Hershenson, M.d.M., Boyd, S.P., Lee, T.H., 1999. IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. 34 (10), 14191424.
- Nakata, S., Arie, T., Akita, S., Takei, K., 2017. ACS Sensor. 2 (3), 443-448.
- Nikolajek, W.P., Emrich, H.M., 1976. Klin. Wschr. 54 (6), 287-288.
- Garcia Núñez, C., Navaraj, W.T., Polat, E.O., Dahiya, R., 2017. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 (18), 1606287.
- Gupta, S., Navaraj, W.T., Lorenzelli, L., and Dahiya, R., 2018. NPJ Flex. Electron. (in press).
- Patterson, M.J., Galloway, S.D.R., Nimmo, M.A., 2000. Exp. Physiol. 85 (6), 869-875.
- Rose, D.P., Ratterman, M.E., Griffin, D.K., Hou, L., Kelley-Loughnane, N., Naik, R.R., Hagen, J.A., Papautsky, I., Heikenfeld, J.C., 2015. IEEE T. Bio-Med. Eng. 62 (6), 1457-1465.
- Saciloto, T.R., Cervini, P., Gomes Cavalheiro, É.T., 2013. Anal. Lett. 46 (2), 312-322.
- Sakharov, D.A., Shkurnikov, M.U., Vagin, M.Y., Yashina, E.I., Karyakin, A.A., Tonevitsky, A.G., 2010. B. Exp. Biol. Med. 150 (1), 83-85.
- Semaan, F.S., Pinto, E.M., Cavalheiro, É.T.G., Brett, C.M.A., 2008. Electroanal. 20 (21), 2287-2293.
- Simi ć , M., Manjakkal, L., Zaraska, K., Stojanovi ć , G.M., Dahiya, R., 2017. IEEE Sens. J. 17 (2), 248255.
- Sonner, Z., Wilder, E., Heikenfeld, J., Kasting, G., Beyette, F., Swaile, D., Sherman, F., Joyce, J., Hagen, J., Kelley-Loughnane, N., Naik, R., 2015. Biomicrofluidics 9 (3), 031301.
- Takei, K., Honda, W., Harada, S., Arie, T., Akita, S., 2015. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4 (4), 487-500.
- Tinku, S., Collini, C., Lorenzelli, L., Dahiya, R.S., 2014. IEEE Sens. Proc. 2107-2110.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care
Chung, H. U., Kim, B. H., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J., Xie, Z., Ibler, E. M., Lee, K., Banks, A., Jeong, J. Y., Kim, J., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0780 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Wearables and the Medical Revolution
Dunn, J., Runge, R., & Snyder, M. (2018) · Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2217/pme-2018-0044 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Energy autonomous electronic skin
García Núñez, C., Manjakkal, L., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-018-0045-x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationLarge-Area Soft e-Skin: The Challenges Beyond Sensor Designs
Dahiya, R., Yogeswaran, N., Liu, F., Manjakkal, L., Burdet, E., Hayward, V., & Jörntell, H. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2941366 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationSmartphone-assisted personalized diagnostic devices and wearable sensors
Purohit, B., Kumar, A., Mahato, K., & Chandra, P. (2020) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2019.08.015 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Recent advances in noninvasive flexible and wearable wireless biosensors
Salim, A., & Lim, S. (2019) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.111422 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dang, W., Manjakkal, L., Navaraj, W. T., Lorenzelli, L., Vinciguerra, V., & Dahiya, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (IT)
- STMicroelectronics (Italy) (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Dahiya, Ravinder
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 107
- Pages
- 192-202
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2791253732
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 16.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.gla.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (PITN-GA-2012-317488-CONTEST)
- EPSRC Fellowship (EP/M002527/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Keywords
- stretchable sensors, wearable sensors, serpentine interconnects, wireless data transmission, mobile application, ion interference, human sweat
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Elasticity, Electrodes, Equipment Design, Graphite, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Polyurethanes, Sweat, Biosensing Techniques, Wireless Technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
