Energy autonomous electronic skin

García Núñez, Carlos; Manjakkal, Libu; Dahiya, Ravinder

doi:10.1038/s41528-018-0045-x

Cited by 332Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsInnovative Energy Harvesting TechnologiesEnergy Harvesting in Wireless Networks

Energy autonomous electronic skin

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García Núñez, Carlos, Manjakkal, Libu, Dahiya, Ravinder·2019·npj Flexible Electronics

DOI 10.1038/s41528-018-0045-x

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Abstract

Energy autonomy is key to the next generation portable and wearable systems for several applications. Among these, the electronic-skin or e-skin is currently a matter of intensive investigations due to its wider applicability in areas, ranging from robotics to digital health, fashion and internet of things (IoT). The high density of multiple types of electronic components (e.g. sensors, actuators, electronics, etc.) required in e-skin, and the need to power them without adding heavy batteries, have fuelled the development of compact flexible energy systems to realize self-powered or energy-autonomous e-skin. The compact and wearable energy systems consisting of energy harvesters, energy storage devices, low-power electronics and efficient/wireless power transfer-based technologies, are expected to revolutionize the market for wearable systems and in particular for e-skin. This paper reviews the development in the field of self-powered e-skin, particularly focussing on the available energy-harvesting technologies, high capacity energy storage devices, and high efficiency power transmission systems. The paper highlights the key challenges, critical design strategies, and most promising materials for the development of an energy-autonomous e-skin for robotics, prosthetics and wearable systems. This paper will complement other reviews on e-skin, which have focussed on the type of sensors and electronics components.

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Imani, S., Bandodkar, A. J., Mohan, A. M. V., Kumar, R., Yu, S., Wang, J., & Mercier, P. P. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11650 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Fiber Supercapacitors Made of Nanowire‐Fiber Hybrid Structures for Wearable/Flexible Energy Storage
Bae, J., Song, M. K., Park, Y. J., Kim, J. M., Liu, M., & Wang, Z. L. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201006062 · Cited by 856 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this regard, the fabrication of flexible SCs has been demonstrated by integrating electrochemically active materials such as metal oxides and conducting polymers with flexible fibres made of graphene, carbon, metal and plastic.(163,164)”
Method
Stretchable Organic Solar Cells
Lipomi, D. J., Tee, B. C. K., Vosgueritchian, M., & Bao, Z. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201004426 · Cited by 855 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some of the above energy-harvesting technologies, which were covered in this review, have already reached the market, and have been successfully developed on flexible/stretchable and lightweight substrates.(28,37,41,102) This new technology will offer an excellent opportunity for the development of self-powered system…”
Background
Yb14MnSb11: New High Efficiency Thermoelectric Material for Power Generation
Brown, S. R., Kauzlarich, S. M., Gascoin, F., & Snyder, G. J. (2006) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm060261t · Cited by 849 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 at elevated temperatures (>900 K).(130) Several new structures and materials have also been explored recently.”
Background
Extreme selectivity in the lift-off of epitaxial GaAs films
Yablonovitch, E., Gmitter, T. J., Harbison, J. P., & Bhat, R. (1987) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.98946 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Flexible High-Output Nanogenerator Based on Lateral ZnO Nanowire Array
Zhu, G., Yang, R., Wang, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl101973h · Cited by 805 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3 V and the generated energy successfully used to power a lightemitting diode (LED).(115) ZnO NWs with a tapered structure (e.”
Background
Sliding-Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on In-Plane Charge-Separation Mechanism
Wang, S., Lin, L., Xie, Y., Jing, Q., Niu, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl400738p · Cited by 804 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The dielectric-ondielectric in lateral sliding mode TENGs show that the in-plane sliding of two dielectric materials can also exhibit triboelectric effect.(123) This approach has been demonstrated to generate power densities up to 5.”
BackgroundMethod
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandems with silicon and CIGS
Bailie, C. D., Christoforo, M. G., Mailoa, J. P., Bowring, A. R., Unger, E., Nguyen, W. H., Burschka, J., Pellet, N., Lee, J. Z., Grätzel, M., et al. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee03322a · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Heterogeneous Three-Dimensional Electronics by Use of Printed Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Ahn, J., Kim, H., Lee, K. J., Jeon, S., Kang, S. J., Sun, Y., Nuzzo, R. G., & Rogers, J. A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132394 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on Buckled Single‐Walled Carbon‐Nanotube Macrofilms
Yu, C., Masarapu, C., Rong, J., Wei, B., & Jiang, H. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200901775 · Cited by 683 · cited 1× · see citing works
“7d).(160) State-of-art SCs are generally made of conductive polymers (Fig.”
Background
Frequency-Multiplication High-Output Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Sustainably Powering Biomedical Microsystems
Zhang, X., Han, M., Wang, R., Zhu, F.-Y., Li, Z., Wang, W., & Zhang, H. (2013) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl3045684 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Wind Energy and as Self-Powered Wind Vector Sensor System
Yang, Y. F., Zhu, G., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Zhong, X., Lin, Z., Su, Y., Bai, P., Wen, X., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn4043157 · Cited by 649 · cited 1× · see citing works
“With respect to the technologies based on mechanical energy harvesting, tribo-electricity has opened new lines of investigation offering higher efficiencies than those obtained by conventional piezoelectric generators.(44,45,122) In this regard, triboelectric generators have demonstrated the potential to harvest that…”
Background
Networks of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Water Wave Energy: A Potential Approach toward Blue Energy
Chen, J., Yang, J., Li, Z., Fan, X. H., Zi, Y., Jing, Q., Guo, H., Wen, Z., Pradel, K. C., Niu, S., et al. (2015) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b00534 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Integrated Multilayered Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Biomechanical Energy from Human Motions
Bai, P., Zhu, G., Lin, Z., Jing, Q., Chen, J., Zhang, G., Ma, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn4007708 · Cited by 628 · cited 6× · see citing works
“3 Piezoelectric energy generators. a 3D schema of a single NW-based piezoelectric nanogenerator fabricated on a flexible substrate and subjected to b stretching and c compression conditions. d 3D schema presenting the working principle of a self-powered touch nano-sensors powered by a piezoelectric nanogenerator a–c.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin
Benight, S. J., Wang, C., Tok, J. B. H., & Bao, Z. (2013) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.001 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Electrostatic Potential in a Bent Piezoelectric Nanowire. The Fundamental Theory of Nanogenerator and Nanopiezotronics
Gao, Y., & Wang, Z. L. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl071310j · Cited by 616 · cited 2× · see citing works
“6 V piezopotential along the NW cross-section when external force is applied at the free end of the NW.(105) This piezopotential is enough to drive metal−semiconductor Schottky diode.”
BackgroundInfluential
Fiber Supercapacitors Utilizing Pen Ink for Flexible/Wearable Energy Storage
Fu, Y., Cai, X. L., Wu, H., Lv, Z., Hou, S., Peng, M., Yu, X. H., & Zou, D. (2012) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201202930 · Cited by 616 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permission from Fu et al.(164) Copyright © 2012, John Wiley and Sons.”
Method
Stretchable and Multimodal All Graphene Electronic Skin
Ho, D. H., Sun, Q., Kim, S. Y., Han, J. T., Kim, D. H., & Cho, J. H. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201505739 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Wafer-Scale Assembly of Highly Ordered Semiconductor Nanowire Arrays by Contact Printing
Fan, Z., Ho, J. C. Y., Jacobson, Z. A., Yerushalmi, R., Alley, R. L., Razavi, H., & Javey, A. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl071626r · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Flexible and Stretchable Electronics Paving the Way for Soft Robotics
Lu, N., & Kim, D. (2013) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2013.0005 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
High Power Density from a Miniature Microbial Fuel Cell Using Shewanella oneidensis DSP10
Ringeisen, B. R., Henderson, E., Wu, P., Pietron, J. J., Ray, R., Little, B. J., Biffinger, J. C., & Jones‐Meehan, J. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es052254w · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Linear-Grating Triboelectric Generator Based on Sliding Electrification
Zhu, G., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Bai, P., Zhou, Y., Jing, Q., Pan, C., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl4008985 · Cited by 516 · cited 1× · see citing works
“4g).(125) The TENGs based on rotation mode are also based on inplane charge separation like aforementioned sliding modes, with some additional advantages such as energy harvesting from rotational motions.”
Bismuth telluride nanotubes and the effects on the thermoelectric properties of nanotube-containing nanocomposites
Zhao, X., Ji, X., Zhang, Y. H., Zhu, T., Tu, J., & Zhang, X. B. (2005) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1863440 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Segmentally Structured Disk Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Rotational Mechanical Energy
Lin, L., Wang, S., Xie, Y., Jing, Q., Niu, S., Hu, Y., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl4013002 · Cited by 513 · cited 11× · see citing works
“87 Further improvements have been achieved by doping QDs with metallic impurities (e.g. Mn2+ doping of CdS), showing record PCE of 5.42% and PD up to 54.3 W/m2.”
BackgroundInfluential
Triboelectric nanogenerators as flexible power sources
Wang, Y., Yang, Y. F., & Wang, Z. L. (2017) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-017-0007-8 · Cited by 511 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another example of a promising ongoing investigation has recently demonstrated a prototype of large-area electronic carpet capable to harvest energy from human steps.(97) These technologies are relevant for e-skin, as mechanical energy could be harvested by robots or human movements to power the distributed electric c…”
Background
Enzyme-based biofuel cells
Minteer, S. D., Liaw, B. Y., & Cooney, M. J. (2007) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2007.03.007 · Cited by 506 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The BFCs are classified based on their biochemical reactions and the nature of the electrodes.(148) The microbial and enzymatic-based BFCs have exhibited record values of performance (micro-BFC: 10–24 μW/cm(2);(32) enzymatic BFC: 32 μW/cm(2)).”
Background
Converting Biomechanical Energy into Electricity by a Muscle-Movement-Driven Nanogenerator
Yang, R., Qin, Y., Cheng, L., Zhu, G., & Wang, Z. L. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl803904b · Cited by 492 · cited 6× · see citing works
“V), wearable sensors self-powered by thermoelectric generators (reprinted with permission from Leonov et al.54 Copyright © 2009, AIP Publishing), wearable e-patch for human health monitoring (reprinted with permission from Yang et al.55 Copyright © 2009, American Chemical Society), multi-sensing e-skin on fabrics self…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Hydrogen substituted graphdiyne as carbon-rich flexible electrode for lithium and sodium ion batteries
He, J., Wang, N., Cui, Z., Du, H., Fu, L., Huang, C., Yang, Z., Shen, X., Yi, Y., Tu, Z., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01202-2 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Design and fabrication of a new vibration-based electromechanical power generator
El-hami, M., Glynne‐Jones, P., White, N. M., Hill, M., Beeby, S., James, E. P., Brown, A. D., & Ross, J. N. (2001) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00569-6 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
27.6% Conversion efficiency, a new record for single-junction solar cells under 1 sun illumination
Kayes, B. M., Nie, H. F., Twist, R., Spruytte, S. G., Reinhardt, F., Kizilyalli, I. C., & Higashi, G. S. (2011) · Conference record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference · doi:10.1109/pvsc.2011.6185831 · Cited by 471 · cited 4× · see citing works
“6% and a PD of 276W/m(2).(67) These are promising results to power micro-/nano-electronics (see the section 'Self-powered e-skin'), for example, in a human inspired e-skin for humanoid (effective area: 1.”
BackgroundInfluential
Anatase TiO2 nanosheets with exposed (001) facets: improved photoelectric conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells
Yu, J., Fan, J., & Lv, K. (2010) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c0nr00427h · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Robotic Tactile Sensing
Dahiya, R., & Valle, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0579-1 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle‐Driven In Vivo Nanogenerator
Li, Z., Zhu, G., Yang, R., Wang, A. C., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200904355 · Cited by 441 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3f).(55,118) In this scenario, the mechanical energy produced by a NW-based nanogenerator attached to either the body of a rat (Fig.”
Background
Hysteresis‐Suppressed High‐Efficiency Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Using Solid‐State Ionic‐Liquids for Effective Electron Transport
Yang, D. F., Yang, R., Ren, X., Zhu, X., Yan, J., Li, C., & Liu, S. F. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201600446 · Cited by 438 · cited 1× · see citing works
“09%, however, also showing clear cracking of the perovskite layer under bending conditions.(93) Further advances are needed to ensure the mechanical stability and flexural endurance of PSCs towards large-area flexible PVs.”
Background
Designing thermoelectric generators for self-powered wearable electronics
Suarez, F., Nozariasbmarz, A., Vashaee, D., & Öztürk, M. C. (2016) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c6ee00456c · Cited by 431 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Some of the above energy-harvesting technologies, which were covered in this review, have already reached the market, and have been successfully developed on flexible/stretchable and lightweight substrates.(28,37,41,102) This new technology will offer an excellent opportunity for the development of self-powered system…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Large thermoelectric figure of merit at high temperature in Czochralski-grown clathrate Ba8Ga16Ge30
Saramat, A., Svensson, G., Palmqvist, A. E. C., Stiewe, C., Mueller, E., Platzek, D., Williams, S. G. K., Rowe, D. M., Bryan, J. D., & Stucky, G. D. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.2163979 · Cited by 430 · cited 1× · see citing works
“63 at 1100 K is predicted, with S of 45 and 300 μV/K measured at 300 and 900 K, respectively.(132) Both, p- and n-type semiconductor materials with different structures have been investigated for high-temperature TE applications.”
Background
Wearable Textile Battery Rechargeable by Solar Energy
Lee, Y.-H., Kim, J., Noh, J., Lee, I., Kim, H. J., Choi, S., Seo, J., Jeon, S., Kim, T., Lee, J., et al. (2013) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl403860k · Cited by 430 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permissions from Lee et al.166 Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society npj Flexible Electronics (2019) 1 Published in partnership with Nanjing Tech University Accordingly, the strategies that are being followed today include using new materials and configurations of the battery components, i.e. curr…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Directions Toward Effective Utilization of Tactile Skin: A Review
Dahiya, R., Mittendorfer, P., Valle, M., Cheng, G., & Lumelsky, V. (2013) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2279056 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adaptable Silicon–Carbon Nanocables Sandwiched between Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets as Lithium Ion Battery Anodes
Wang, B., Li, X., Zhang, X., Luo, B., Jin, M., Liang, M., Dayeh, S. A., Picraux, S. T., & Zhi, L. (2013) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn3052023 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Photovoltaic Devices with a Low Band Gap Polymer and CdSe Nanostructures Exceeding 3% Efficiency
Dayal, S., Kopidakis, N., Olson, D. C., Ginley, D. S., & Rumbles, G. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl903406s · Cited by 425 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3 W/ m(2).(87) Further improvements have been achieved by doping QDs with metallic impurities (e.”
Background
Nanowire Piezoelectric Nanogenerators on Plastic Substrates as Flexible Power Sources for Nanodevices
Gao, P., Song, J., Liu, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2006) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200601162 · Cited by 418 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Some of the above energy-harvesting technologies, which were covered in this review, have already reached the market, and have been successfully developed on flexible/stretchable and lightweight substrates.(28,37,41,102) This new technology will offer an excellent opportunity for the development of self-powered system…”
Background
Methods and Technologies for the Implementation of Large-Scale Robot Tactile Sensors
Schmitz, A., Maiolino, P., Maggiali, M., Natale, L., Cannata, G., & Giorgio Metta, B. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2011.2132930 · Cited by 418 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permission from Cannata et al.(49,53) The 3D reconstruction of a skin patch placed on g a container, and h a KUKA LWR arm.”
Method
Carbazole‐Based Hole‐Transport Materials for Efficient Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells
Xu, B., Sheibani, E., Liu, P., Zhang, J., Tian, H., Vlachopoulos, N., Boschloo, G. K., Kloo, L. A., Hagfeldt, A., & Sun, L. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201402415 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Soft, stretchable, high power density electronic skin-based biofuel cells for scavenging energy from human sweat
Bandodkar, A. J., You, J., Kim, N.-H., Gu, Y. Q., Kumar, R., Mohan, A. M. V., Kurniawan, J. F., Imani, S., Nakagawa, T., Parish, B., et al. (2017) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c7ee00865a · Cited by 413 · cited 1× · see citing works
“BFCs have also demonstrated great applicability as they meet such requirements due to their biocompatibility, flexibility/stretchability, and scalability towards high-power-density generation, compatibility to soft substrate to minimize the impact on skin irritation and wearers comfort.(153,154) For such wearable syst…”
Background
Enhancement of the thermoelectric properties in nanoscale and nanostructured materials
Szczech, J. R., Higgins, J. M., & Jin, S. (2010) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c0jm02755c · Cited by 404 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This makes them promising candidates as energy harvesters for self-powered wearable systems on flexible substrates.(129,135) The NWs-based superlattices, InSb quantum-dot structures, Si NWs, single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle, BiTe NWs and a GaAs NWs, are predicted to have better thermoelectric properties than…”
Background
Stretchable, elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion
Lipomi, D. J., & Bao, Z. (2011) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c1ee01881g · Cited by 394 · see citing works
A Single‐Electrode Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Self‐Powered Tracking System
Yang, Y. F., Zhou, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Lee, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201302453 · Cited by 392 · cited 4× · see citing works
“).(121,127) The tremendous advances achieved in nano-fabrication technologies allows nowadays to expect a significant reduction in the size of components (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Atomically Thin Mesoporous Co3O4 Layers Strongly Coupled with N‐rGO Nanosheets as High‐Performance Bifunctional Catalysts for 1D Knittable Zinc–Air Batteries
Li, Y., Zhong, C. M., Liu, J., Zeng, X., Qu, S., Han, X., Deng, Y., Hu, W., & Lu, J. B. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201703657 · Cited by 386 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Flexible fibre-shaped ZAB knitted into clothes and textiles have been successfully reported to exhibit energy densities of around 649mWh/g.(173) The connection of three fibre-shaped ZABs knitted in series holds a potential of 3.”
Background
Elastic and Wearable Wire‐Shaped Lithium‐Ion Battery with High Electrochemical Performance
Ren, J., Zhang, Y., Bai, W., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Fang, X., Weng, W., Wang, Y., & Peng, H. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201402388 · Cited by 375 · cited 1× · see citing works
“LiBs have also been made from LTO and LMO nanoparticles integrated into two aligned MWCNT yarns, which act as anode and cathode.(171) The fabricated wire-shaped LiBs exhibit energy densities of 27Wh/kg (17.”
Background
Toward Flexible and Wearable Human‐Interactive Health‐Monitoring Devices
Takei, K., Honda, W., Harada, S., Arie, T., & Akita, S. (2014) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201400546 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Ultra-thin chips for high-performance flexible electronics
Gupta, S., Navaraj, W. T., Lorenzelli, L., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-018-0021-5 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citation
Highly Bendable, Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors That Use Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Conductors and Semiconductors with Elastomeric Dielectrics
Cao, Q., Hur, S. H., Zhu, Z., Sun, Y., Wang, C. ‐., Meitl, M. A., Shim, M., & Rogers, J. A. (2006) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200501740 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Fabric‐Based Integrated Energy Devices for Wearable Activity Monitors
Jung, S., Lee, J., Hyeon, T., Lee, M., & Kim, D. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201402439 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Battery-free, wireless sensors for full-body pressure and temperature mapping
Han, S., Kim, J., Won, S. M., Ma, Y., Kang, D., Xie, Z., Lee, K., Chung, H. U., Banks, A. R., Min, S., et al. (2018) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4950 · Cited by 356 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Wireless powering of sensors is currently an intensive matter of investigation.(31) The current advances related to the design and development of sensors on non-conventional flexible/stretchable substrates, have opened promising alternatives to distribute more number of thin, soft and skin-like sensors along human or…”
Background
Transparent, flexible, and stretchable WS 2 based humidity sensors for electronic skin
Guo, H., Lan, C., Zhou, Z., Sun, P., Wei, D., & Li, C. (2017) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c7nr01016h · Cited by 353 · see citing works
All‐Carbon‐Electrode‐Based Endurable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Luo, Q. G., Ma, H., Hou, Q., Li, Y., Ren, J., Dai, X., Yao, Z., Zhou, Y., Xiang, L., Du, H., et al. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201706777 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants by Optimal Resonant Load Transformation
Xue, R.-F., Cheng, K.-W., & Je, M. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2012.2209297 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Thermoelectric properties of superlattice nanowires
Lin, Y.-M., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (2003) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.68.075304 · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, ZT values greater than 4 and 6 are predicted for 5-nm diameter PbSe/PbS and PbTe/PbSe superlattice NWs at 77 K.(136) Alternatively, tubular nanostructures such as nanotubes (NTs), have also demonstrated a great potential as TE materials.”
Background
Porphyrin Cosensitization for a Photovoltaic Efficiency of 11.5%: A Record for Non-Ruthenium Solar Cells Based on Iodine Electrolyte
Xie, Y., Tang, Y., Wu, W., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Li, X., Tian, H., & Zhu, W. (2015) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5b09665 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Stretchable wireless system for sweat pH monitoring
Dang, W., Manjakkal, L., Navaraj, W. T., Lorenzelli, L., Vinciguerra, V., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.025 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citation
Epidermal Biofuel Cells: Energy Harvesting from Human Perspiration
Jia, W., Valdés‐Ramírez, G., Bandodkar, A. J., Windmiller, J. R., & Wang, J. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201302922 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Piezoelectric nanogenerator using CdS nanowires
Lin, Y., Song, J., Ding, Y. L., Lu, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2831901 · Cited by 318 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Considering a NW density of 20 NWs/μm(2), the power density by multiple ZnO NWs vertically aligned on a substrate under similar conditions could be about 10 nanostructures based on sensors.(108,109) Similar experiments have been carried out on different kind of semiconductor NWs, including ZnO (output voltage ~8mV),(1…”
Background
Stretchable biofuel cells as wearable textile-based self-powered sensors
Jeerapan, I., Sempionatto, J. R., Pavinatto, A., You, J.-M., & Wang, J. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c6ta08358g · Cited by 317 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Highly stretchable textile BFCs have been fabricated by screen printing of stretchable inks with CNT and Ag2O/Ag electrodes, exhibiting stable power outputs after 100 cycles of 100% stretching.(156) The fabricated BFCs produces power densities of 160 and 250mW/cm(2) with singleenzyme and membrane-free configurations,…”
Method
Flexible Transparent Electronic Gas Sensors
Wang, T., Guo, Y., Wan, P., Zhang, H., Chen, X., & Sun, X. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201601049 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Energy‐Autonomous, Flexible, and Transparent Tactile Skin
García‐Núñez, C., Navaraj, W. T., Polat, E. O., & Dahiya, R. (2017) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201606287 · Cited by 313 · cited 13× · see citing works
“8g).(1) A similar approach followed recently uses touch sensors based on piezoelectronics metal oxide microstructures, self-powered by a perovskite PV cell.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Mechanically Tough Large‐Area Hierarchical Porous Graphene Films for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitor Applications
Xiong, Z., Liao, C., Han, W., & Wang, X. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201501983 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
GaN Nanowire Arrays for High-Output Nanogenerators
Huang, C.-T., Song, J., Lee, W.-F., Ding, Y. L., Gao, Z., Hao, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja909863a · Cited by 307 · cited 1× · see citing works
“35 V).(111,112) These works demonstrate sufficient generation of energy required to power nano- and micro-devices with power consumption in the range of μW–mW.”
Background
Hysteresis-free low-temperature-processed planar perovskite solar cells with 19.1% efficiency
Yoon, H., Kang, S. M., Lee, J., & Choi, M. (2016) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c6ee01037g · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Highly Conductive, Flexible, and Compressible All‐Graphene Passive Electronic Skin for Sensing Human Touch
Hou, C., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., & Zhu, M. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201401367 · Cited by 301 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, graphene has been used as electronic layer, temperature sensor and pressure sensor, all integrated on the same flexible substrate, reducing the incompatibility of each functional layer.(205) The fabrication of next generation of e-skin involves the design of new architectures to ensure an reliable interac…”
Method
Large photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized ZnO solar cells
Saito, M., & Fujihara, S. (2008) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/b806096g · Cited by 281 · cited 1× · see citing works
“6%; PD= 66W/m(2)).(74) Metal oxide NWs with optical fibres or planar waveguides,(75) have been shown to exhibit PCE of 3.”
Background
Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Laminated Top Electrode
Lee, J., Connor, S. T., Cui, Y., & Peumans, P. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl903892x · Cited by 265 · see citing works
High-Output Nanogenerator by Rational Unipolar Assembly of Conical Nanowires and Its Application for Driving a Small Liquid Crystal Display
Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Zhu, G., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl103203u · Cited by 261 · cited 1× · see citing works
“conical shape, embedded in a polymeric rubber, and sandwiched by two metallic electrodes) can be macroscopic piezoelectric generators (~7000 NWs/mm(2)), with output voltage and power of 2 V and 118 nW, respectively, and capable to power continuously a small crystal liquid display.(116) Another approach, also based on…”
Background
Micromachined PZT cantilever based on SOI structure for low frequency vibration energy harvesting
Shen, D., Park, J., Noh, J. H., Choe, S.-Y., Kim, S., Wikle, H. C., & Kim, D. (2009) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2009.06.007 · Cited by 260 · cited 6× · see citing works
“For example, a micro-generator (~0.1 cm3) consisting of four magnets integrated on an etched cantilever with a wound coil located within the moving magnetic field has been shown to exhibit output powers of 46 µW (0.46 mW/cm3) using a VAC of 0.48 V and an input excitation frequency of 64 Hz.100 The design of such energ…”
BackgroundInfluential
Flexible solar cells for clothing
Schubert, M. B., & Werner, J. H. (2006) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(06)71542-5 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Roll‐to‐Roll Printed Large‐Area All‐Polymer Solar Cells with 5% Efficiency Based on a Low Crystallinity Conjugated Polymer Blend
Gu, X., Zhou, Y., Gu, K. L., Kurosawa, T., Guo, Y., Li, Y., Lin, H., Schroeder, B. C., Yan, H., Molina‐Lopez, F., et al. (2017) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201602742 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Sophisticated skin
Bauer, S. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3759 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
High-performance flexible energy storage and harvesting system for wearable electronics
Ostfeld, A. E., Gaikwad, A. M., Khan, Y., & Arias, A. C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26122 · Cited by 231 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Photographs of a flexible SPP consisting of a flexible PV cell and a LiB wrapped on a f bag and g a travel mug. h 3D schema and i working principle of a pulse oximeter powered by a SPP. Reprinted with permission from Ostfeld et al.195 Copyright © 2016, Springer Nature npj Flexible Electronics (2019) 1 Published in par…”
BackgroundMethod
Flexible self-charging supercapacitor based on graphene-Ag-3D graphene foam electrodes
Manjakkal, L., García‐Núñez, C., Dang, W., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.072 · Cited by 230 · cited 1× · see citing works
“triboelectrics), but also on the integration of different energy harvesting and storage technologies, resulting in a portable power pack.(38,48) Prior to the discussion about the potential strategies to harvest, store and deliver energy to e-skin, it is important to mention the power requirements of this technology so…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Free-standing three-dimensional graphene and polyaniline nanowire arrays hybrid foams for high-performance flexible and lightweight supercapacitors
Yu, P., Zhao, X., Huang, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2014) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c4ta02721c · Cited by 229 · cited 1× · see citing works
“7e),(161) metal oxides nanostructures,(158) carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene),(159,160) or hybrid combination of these materials.(157,162) In addition to their excellent energy storage capacity, the SCs are also exceptional because of their quick energy delivery (charging/discharging rates…”
Background
Air/Liquid‐Pressure and Heartbeat‐Driven Flexible Fiber Nanogenerators as a Micro/Nano‐Power Source or Diagnostic Sensor
Li, Z., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201003161 · Cited by 225 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These microfibres results in output powers ranging between 20 and 80mW/ m(2), which is attractive for wearable systems as they could harvest energy from expansions/compression by movements in human body such as heartbeat pulses and exhaling actions.(120) In this regard, a relevant example is the carbon fibres coated w…”
BackgroundMethod
Effects of piezoelectric potential on the transport characteristics of metal-ZnO nanowire-metal field effect transistor
Gao, Z., Zhou, J., Gu, Y., Fei, P., Hao, Y., Bao, G., & Wang, Z. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3125449 · Cited by 221 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the configuration where NWs are doubly clamped between two electrodes on a flexible substrate, the piezopotential is generated along the c-axis of the NW (straining direction), resulting in values in the range of hundreds of volts.(106) The electron screening effect, sometimes observed at the positive side of the N…”
Background
Large-Scale Integration of Semiconductor Nanowires for High-Performance Flexible Electronics
Liu, X., Long, Y., Liao, L., Duan, X., & Fan, Z. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn204848r · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Recent progress of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructured solar cells
Li, L., Zhai, T., Bando, Y., & Golberg, D. V. (2011) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2011.10.005 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Wearable electronics self-powered by using human body heat: The state of the art and the perspective
Leonov, V. N., & Vullers, R. J. M. (2009) · Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1063/1.3255465 · Cited by 214 · cited 9× · see citing works
“V), wearable sensors self-powered by thermoelectric generators (reprinted with permission from Leonov et al.54 Copyright © 2009, AIP Publishing), wearable e-patch for human health monitoring (reprinted with permission from Yang et al.55 Copyright © 2009, American Chemical Society), multi-sensing e-skin on fabrics self…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Biofuel cell as a power source for electronic contact lenses
Falk, M., Andoralov, V., Blum, Z., Sotres, J., Suyatin, D. B., Ruzgas, T. A., Arnebrant, T., & Shleev, S. (2012) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.030 · Cited by 211 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Copyright © 2017, John Wiley and Sons), e-skin self-powered by a biofuel cell and integrated on a contact-lens (reprinted with permission from Falk et al.(34) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.”
Background
An overview of metamaterials and their achievements in wireless power transfer
Sun, K., Fan, R., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Wang, N., Xie, P., Wang, Z., Fan, G., Liu, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c7tc03384b · Cited by 204 · cited 1× · see citing works
“discovering new materials), high energy density energy storage devices for implantable applications.(180) Great efforts have been dedicated on the optimization of WPT.”
Background
Investigation of Adaptive Matching Methods for Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Park, J., Tak, Y., Kim, Y., Kim, Y., & Nam, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2011.2123061 · Cited by 195 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both impedance and resonant frequency characteristic of NFC power transfer systems have been investigated to improve the coupling distance resulting in the minor loss of power.(182) As examples of achievements in the field, WPT based on NFC have been successfully utilized in both bio-implantable chips(183) and electri…”
Method
Wearable energy-smart ribbons for synchronous energy harvest and storage
Li, C., Islam, M. M., Moore, J., Sleppy, J., Morrison, C., Konstantinov, K., Dou, S. X., Renduchintala, C., & Thomas, J. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13319 · Cited by 195 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Copyright © 2009, American Chemical Society), multi-sensing e-skin on fabrics self-powered by piezoelectric generators (Reprinted with permission from Li et al.(56) Copyright © 2016, Springer Nature) C.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Integration of micro-supercapacitors with triboelectric nanogenerators for a flexible self-charging power unit
Luo, J., Fan, F. R., Jiang, T., Wang, Z., Tang, W., Zhang, C., Liu, M., Cao, G., & Wang, Z. L. (2015) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-015-0894-8 · Cited by 192 · cited 3× · see citing works
“10b).(196) The developed unit called self-charging micro-supercapacitor power unit (SCMPU) was inserted in the insole of a shoe, allowing to light up continuously LED during a daily human walking (Fig.”
MethodInfluential
A Review of the Electric Vehicle Charging Techniques, Standards, Progression and Evolution of EV Technologies in Germany
Ahmad, A., Khan, Z. A., Alam, M. S., & Khateeb, S. A. (2017) · Smart Science · doi:10.1080/23080477.2017.1420132 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“when a car stops in a cross road, allowing also to charge wirelessly its batteries.(96) Another example of a promising ongoing investigation has recently demonstrated a prototype of large-area electronic carpet capable to harvest energy from human steps.”
Background
Single‐InN‐Nanowire Nanogenerator with Upto 1 V Output Voltage
Huang, C., Song, J., Tsai, C., Lee, W., Lien, D., Gao, Z., Hao, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, Z. L. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201000981 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
A pacemaker powered by an implantable biofuel cell operating under conditions mimicking the human blood circulatory system – battery not included
Southcott, M. A., MacVittie, K., Halámek, J., Halámková, L., Jemison, W. D., Lobel, R. M., & Katz, E. (2013) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp50929j · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In most of the aforementioned hybrid technologies, BFCs are based on blood glucose as a fuel, which requires the implantation of the BFCs in the body.(149,150) Nonetheless, non-invasive epidermal BFCs based on temporary transfer tattoos (tBFCs) have been also reported (Fig.”
Background
Wearable Large‐Scale Perovskite Solar‐Power Source via Nanocellular Scaffold
Hu, X., Huang, Z., Zhou, X., Li, P., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., Su, M., Ren, W., Li, F., Li, M., et al. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201703236 · Cited by 188 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In this regard, a promising strategy is to fill the perovskite structure with polymers, preserving the crystallinity of the film, and increasing the reliability of the resulting PSCs over several bending cycles and high bending radii.(65) This approach has shown flexible PSCs with PCE up to 12.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
MEG Signatures of a Perceived Match or Mismatch between Individual and Group Opinions
Zubarev, I., Klucharev, V. A., Ossadtchi, A. E., Moiseeva, V., & Шестакова, А. Н. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00010 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Wearable textile biofuel cells for powering electronics
Jia, W., Wang, X., Imani, S., Bandodkar, A. J., Ramírez, J., Mercier, P. P., & Wang, J. (2014) · J. Mater. Chem. A · doi:10.1039/c4ta04796f · Cited by 184 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permission from Jia et al.152 Copyright © 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry Published in partnership with Nanjing Tech University npj Flexible Electronics (2019) 1 (capacitance change 1% under bending angles of 180°) (Fig.”
MethodInfluential
New materials and advances in making electronic skin for interactive robots
Yogeswaran, N., Dang, W., Navaraj, W. T., Shakthivel, D., Khan, S., Polat, E. O., Gupta, S., Heidari, H., Kaboli, M., Lorenzelli, L., et al. (2015) · Advanced Robotics · doi:10.1080/01691864.2015.1095653 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficient Wireless Power Transfer System Integrating With Metasurface for Biological Applications
Li, L., Liu, H., Zhang, H., & Xue, W. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2756580 · Cited by 178 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, much progress is required, especially to design high energy density devices for implantable applications and for high transfer efficiency.(176) The possibility of charging batteries or SCs through WPT technologies will have tremendous advantage for portable and autonomous systems in a broad number of applicat…”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-Powered Analogue Smart Skin
Shi, M., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Han, M., Shankaregowda, S. A., Su, Z., Meng, B., Cheng, X., & Zhang, H. (2016) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07074 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“triboelectrics), but also on the integration of different energy harvesting and storage technologies, resulting in a portable power pack.(38,48) Prior to the discussion about the potential strategies to harvest, store and deliver energy to e-skin, it is important to mention the power requirements of this technology so…”
Background
Arrays of Ultracompliant Electrochemical Dry Gel Cells for Stretchable Electronics
Kaltenbrunner, M., Kettlgruber, G., Siket, C. M., Schwödiauer, R., & Bauer, S. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200904068 · Cited by 165 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 mAh/cm(2).(174) The experimental process employed to fabricate these cells are compatible with rollto-roll techniques, which makes this technology promising for the low-cost production of self-powered stretchable systems.”
Method
Integrated Multilayer Nanogenerator Fabricated Using Paired Nanotip-to-Nanowire Brushes
Xu, S., Wei, Y., Liu, J., Yang, R., & Wang, Z. L. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl8027813 · Cited by 161 · cited 1× · see citing works
“11 μW/cm(2) and a voltage of 62 mV) is observed by paring the metal coated ZnOnanotip top electrodes with the active ZnO NWs array in a multilayer stack configuration.(113) Such a stacked configuration is well-aligned with 3D e-skin applications, with various layers in the stack having different functionalities (Fig.”
Background
Elastic and Wearable Wire‐Shaped Lithium‐Ion Battery with High Electrochemical Performance
Ren, J., Zhang, Y., Bai, W., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Fang, X., Weng, W., Wang, Y., & Peng, H. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201402388 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
High-bendability flexible dye-sensitized solar cell with a nanoparticle-modified ZnO-nanowire electrode
Jiang, C., Sun, X. W., Tan, K. L., Lo, G. Q., Kyaw, A. K. K., & Kwong, D. L. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2905271 · Cited by 158 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Alternatively, the progress made in the solutionbased methods to synthesize metal oxide nanostructures such as ZnO NWs at low temperatures (100 °C), makes possible the direct growth of these nanostructures on plastic substrates.(77) This has permitted the development of flexible DSSCs at a very low cost and showing st…”
Background
Large scale, highly ordered assembly of nanowire parallel arrays by differential roll printing
Yerushalmi, R., Jacobson, Z. A., Ho, J. C. Y., Fan, Z., & Javey, A. (2007) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2813618 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Printable stretchable interconnects
Dang, W., Vinciguerra, V., Lorenzelli, L., & Dahiya, R. (2017) · Flexible and Printed Electronics · doi:10.1088/2058-8585/aa5ab2 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of p-type- and n-type-filled skutterudite RyMxCo4−xSb12(R:Ce,Ba,Y;M:Fe,Ni)
Tang, X., Zhang, Q., Chen, L., Goto, T., & Hirai, T. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1888048 · Cited by 156 · cited 2× · see citing works
“By reducing the thermal conductivity and optimizing carrier concentration in bulk materials, the above approaches have demonstrated high ZT of 1.25—at high temperatures around 900 K—and maximum S of 200 μV/K.131 Following this approach, Ba8Ga16Ge30 alloy has been shown to have ZT of 1.35 at 900 K, and an extrapolated…”
BackgroundInfluential
Carrier Density and Schottky Barrier on the Performance of DC Nanogenerator
Liu, J., Peng, F., Song, J., Wang, X., Lao, C., Tummala, R., & Wang, Z. L. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0728470 · Cited by 155 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The electron screening effect, sometimes observed at the positive side of the NW during the crystal lattice distortion, shows that the intentional/unintentional n-doping of ZnO NWs could hinder the piezopotential.(107) Nonetheless, a reduction of carrier density in ZnO through engineering approaches have made ZnO NWs…”
Background
High-performance flexible lithium-ion electrodes based on robust network architecture
Jia, X., Chen, Z., Suwarnasarn, A., Rice, L., Wang, X., Sohn, H., Zhang, Q., Wu, B. M., Wei, F., & Lu, Y. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee03110h · Cited by 154 · see citing works
An enzyme-based microfluidic biofuel cell using vitamin K3-mediated glucose oxidation
Togo, M., Takamura, A., Asai, T., Kaji, H., & Nishizawa, M. (2007) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.067 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Printed flexible electrochemical pH sensors based on CuO nanorods
Manjakkal, L., Sakthivel, B., Gopalakrishnan, N., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.092 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citation
CuO/PVDF nanocomposite anode for a piezo-driven self-charging lithium battery
Xue, X., Deng, P., Yuan, S., Nie, Y., He, B., Xing, L., & Zhang, Y. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee41648h · Cited by 136 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In case of PZNGs, different approaches, including materials and structures, have been studied for SPP.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Physics of Small Molecule Acceptors for Efficient and Stable Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Gasparini, N., Wadsworth, A., Moser, M., Baran, D., McCulloch, I. A., & Brabec, C. J. (2018) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201703298 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Flexible, layered biofuel cells
Miyake, T., Haneda, K., Yoshino, S., & Nishizawa, M. (2012) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.041 · Cited by 130 · cited 1× · see citing works
“21 V.(155) High energy density and stretchability are the key challenges for this type of biofuels.”
Background
Nanowire FET Based Neural Element for Robotic Tactile Sensing Skin
Taube Navaraj, W., García Núñez, C., Shakthivel, D., Vinciguerra, V., Labeau, F., Gregory, D. H., & Dahiya, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00501 · Cited by 127 · cited 3× · see citing works
“i Image of the prosthetic/robotic hand with e-skin.(8) C.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Analysis of energy harvesters for highway bridges
Ali, S. F., Friswell, M. I., & Adhikari, S. (2011) · Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures · doi:10.1177/1045389x11417650 · Cited by 125 · cited 2× · see citing works
“An example of vibration as the source of mechanical energy, in the application unrelated to eskin, can be found in roads and pedestrian paths where cars and humans steps have been used to produce energy.(95) Energy ranging between 50 and 500 μW can be developed in this way.”
Background
Fast Supercapacitors Based on Graphene‐Bridged V2O3/VOx Core–Shell Nanostructure Electrodes with a Power Density of 1 MW kg−1
Pan, X., Ren, G., Hoque, M. N. F., Bayne, S. B., Zhu, K., & Fan, Z. (2014) · Advanced Materials Interfaces · doi:10.1002/admi.201400398 · Cited by 119 · cited 2× · see citing works
“7e),(161) metal oxides nanostructures,(158) carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene),(159,160) or hybrid combination of these materials.(157,162) In addition to their excellent energy storage capacity, the SCs are also exceptional because of their quick energy delivery (charging/discharging rates…”
Background
THE CONCEPT OF THERMAL NEUTRALITY
MOUNT, L. E. (1974) · Heat Loss from Animals and Man · doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-70652-0.50027-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nanostructures for Thermoelectric Applications: Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Property Studies
Zhang, G., Yu, Q., Wang, W., & Li, X. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200903812 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Production technology for amorphous silicon-based flexible solar cells
Ichikawa, Y., Yoshida, T., Hama, T., Sakai, H., & Harashima, K. (2001) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/s0927-0248(00)00163-x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Piezoelectric graphene field effect transistor pressure sensors for tactile sensing
Yogeswaran, N., Navaraj, W. T., Gupta, S., Liu, F., Vinciguerra, V., Lorenzelli, L., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.5030545 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These relate to: (i) tailoring mechanical properties,(6,10) (ii) integration of various technologies resulting in a hybrid system,(166,170) (iii) device architecture(200) and packaging,(1) (iv) efficiency and capacity of energy storage technology,(30) (v) low-power electronics to ensure positive energy budget,(8,201)…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Review—Wearable Biofuel Cells: Past, Present and Future
Bandodkar, A. J. (2016) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0031703jes · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Large-Area Self-Assembly of Silica Microspheres/Nanospheres by Temperature-Assisted Dip-Coating
García‐Núñez, C., Navaraj, W. T., Liu, F., Shakthivel, D., & Dahiya, R. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b15178 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
In-situ growth of high-performance all-solid-state electrode for flexible supercapacitors based on carbon woven fabric/ polyaniline/ graphene composite
Lin, Y., Zhang, H., Deng, W., Zhang, D., Li, N., Wu, Q., & He, C. (2018) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.03.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self‐powered systems: a review of energy sources
Glynne‐Jones, P., & White, N. M. (2001) · Sensor Review · doi:10.1108/02602280110388252 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Single crystalline lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nano/micro-wire based self-powered UV sensor
Bai, S., Xu, Q., Gu, L., Ma, F., Qin, Y., & Wang, Z. L. (2012) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.09.001 · Cited by 96 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permission from Bai et al.44 Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society. d Photograph of hundreds of LEDs lighted up by a TENG and e electric circuit. f Current generated by TENG from a human hand sweeping at different speeds. g Current peaks measured at each state of two groups of LEDs during hand swe…”
Method
Direct growth of vanadium nitride nanosheets on carbon nanotube fibers as novel negative electrodes for high-energy-density wearable fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitors
Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Sun, J., Li, C., Zhao, J., Zhou, Z., He, B., Wang, X., Man, P., Li, Q., et al. (2018) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.034 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Porous NiCo2O4 nanowires supported on carbon cloth for flexible asymmetric supercapacitor with high energy density
Zhang, H., Xiao, D., Li, Q., Ma, Y., Yuan, S., Xie, L., Chen, C., & Lü, C. (2017) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2017.10.034 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Flexible Wire-Shaped Supercapacitors in Parallel Double Helix Configuration with Stable Electrochemical Properties under Static/Dynamic Bending
Guo, K., Ma, Y., Li, H., & Zhai, T. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201503021 · Cited by 88 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Reprinted with permission from Guo et al.158 Copyright © 2016, John Wiley and Sons. d Photograph (left) and 3D schema (right) of CNT-based stretchable SC. Reprinted with permission from Meng et al.161 Copyright © 2010, American Chemical Society. e 3D schema and photograph (inset) of a flexible SC packaged using plasti…”
Method
Wearable Sensor System Powered by a Biofuel Cell for Detection of Lactate Levels in Sweat
Garcia, S. O., Ulyanova, Y., Figueroa-Teran, R., Bhatt, K. H., Singhal, S., & Atanassov, P. B. (2016) · ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology · doi:10.1149/2.0131608jss · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Polymorphous Supercapacitors Constructed from Flexible Three-Dimensional Carbon Network/Polyaniline/MnO2 Composite Textiles
Wang, J., Dong, L., Xu, C., Ren, D., Ma, X., & Kang, F. (2018) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b19195 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Heterogeneous integration of contact-printed semiconductor nanowires for high-performance devices on large areas
Núñez, C. G., Liu, F., Navaraj, W. T., Christou, A., Shakthivel, D., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-018-0021-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wafer Scale Transfer of Ultrathin Silicon Chips on Flexible Substrates for High Performance Bendable Systems
Navaraj, W. T., Gupta, S., Lorenzelli, L., & Dahiya, R. (2018) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.201700277 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Low-Cost Flexible Nano-Sulfide/Carbon Composite Counter Electrode for Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell
Deng, M., Zhang, Q., Huang, S., Li, D., Luo, Y., Shen, Q., Toyoda, T., & Meng, Q. (2010) · Nanoscale Research Letters · doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9592-3 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“8 W/m(2), which are promising values but still far from the other PV technologies discussed above.(88) Despite of their poor performance with respect to other state-of-art PV cells, the low weight due to the utilization of NPs, combined with lowtemperature processing on non-conventional substrates such as cloth and pa…”
Background
Enhanced Piezocapacitive Effect in CaCu3Ti4O12–Polydimethylsiloxane Composited Sponge for Ultrasensitive Flexible Capacitive Sensor
Mu, C., Li, J., Song, Y., Huang, W., Ran, A., Deng, K., Huang, J., Xie, W., Sun, R., & Zhang, H. (2017) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.7b00144 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Developing Electronic Skin with the Sense of Touch
Dahiya, R., Navaraj, W. T., Khan, S., & Polat, E. O. (2015) · Information Display · doi:10.1002/j.2637-496x.2015.tb00824.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flexible and Free-Standing Organic/Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Films as Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lü, Y., Zhao, Q. X., Miao, L., Tao, Z., Niu, Z., & Chen, J. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04341 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, CNTs-based thin films have been utilized either as current collector with plain paper as a separator (108 mAh/g),(167) or in hybrid electrodes consisting of ultra-long CNTs and V2O5 NWs (169 mAh/g),(168) or in LiMnTiO4/MWCNT-based electrodes (161 mAh/g),(169) and in sodium 1,4-dioxonaphthalene-2-sulfonate…”
Background
Adhesiveless Transfer Printing of Ultrathin Microscale Semiconductor Materials by Controlling the Bending Radius of an Elastomeric Stamp
Cho, S., Kim, N., Song, K., & Lee, J. (2016) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01880 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
High‐Density Stretchable Electronics: Toward an Integrated Multilayer Composite
Guo, L., & DeWeerth, S. P. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201000515 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wearable high-performance supercapacitors based on Ni-coated cotton textile with low-crystalline Ni-Al layered double hydroxide nanoparticles
Lu, H., Chen, J., & Tian, Q. (2017) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.046 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Free-standing and flexible LiMnTiO4/carbon nanotube cathodes for high performance lithium ion batteries
Bao, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, L., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Yang, M., & Fang, D. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.121 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stretchable Fiber Biofuel Cell by Rewrapping Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Sheets
Sim, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Kim, H., Choi, Y., Kim, H.-H., Baughman, R. H., & Kim, S. J. (2018) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02256 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In most of the aforementioned hybrid technologies, BFCs are based on blood glucose as a fuel, which requires the implantation of the BFCs in the body.(149,150) Nonetheless, non-invasive epidermal BFCs based on temporary transfer tattoos (tBFCs) have been also reported (Fig.”
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5 of the 226 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Dang, W., Vinciguerra, V., Lorenzelli, L. & Dahiya, R. Printable stretchable inter- connects. Flex. Print. Electron. 2, 013003 (2017).
Khan, S., Dahiya, R. S. & Lorenzelli, L. In Proc. 44th European Solid State Dev. Res. Conf. (ESSDERC) 86-89 (IEEE, Venice, 2014).
Hakim, M. M. A. et al. Low cost mass manufacturable silicon nano-sensors for detection of molecules in gas phase. SF J. Nanochem. Nanotechnol. 1, 1006 (2018).

Sorted by citations

A breathable, biodegradable, antibacterial, and self-powered electronic skin based on all-nanofiber triboelectric nanogenerators
Peng, X., Dong, K., Ye, C., Jiang, Y., Zhai, S., Cheng, R., Liu, D., Gao, X., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. L. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba9624 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Smart Textile‐Integrated Microelectronic Systems for Wearable Applications
Shi, J., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Yang, B., Shu, L., Yang, Y., Ren, M., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Chen, W., et al. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201901958 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Advances in healthcare wearable devices
Iqbal, S. M. A., Mahgoub, I., Du, E., Leavitt, M. A., & Asghar, W. (2021) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-021-00107-x · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Human‐Interactive Systems: From Sensors to Advanced Applications
Pyo, S., Lee, J. Y., Bae, K., Sim, S., & Kim, J. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202005902 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Glycine–Chitosan-Based Flexible Biodegradable Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor
Hosseini, E. S., Manjakkal, L., Shakthivel, D., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b21052 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Wearable Supercapacitor Based on Conductive PEDOT:PSS‐Coated Cloth and a Sweat Electrolyte
Manjakkal, L., Pullanchiyodan, A., Yogeswaran, N., Hosseini, E. S., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201907254 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Evolution of Flexible Electronics: From Nature, Beyond Nature, and To Nature
Wang, P., Hu, M., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Feng, Y., Wang, J., Ling, W., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202001116 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Recent developments of advanced micro-supercapacitors: design, fabrication and applications
Bu, F., Zhou, W., Xu, Y., Du, Y., Guan, C., & Huang, W. (2020) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-020-00093-6 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Large-Area Soft e-Skin: The Challenges Beyond Sensor Designs
Dahiya, R., Yogeswaran, N., Liu, F., Manjakkal, L., Burdet, E., Hayward, V., & Jörntell, H. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2941366 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“4(a)] [55]) present over the whole body of a robot or prosthetic limb, it may be possible to generate suf-ﬁcient power to operate the e-skin as well as other devices.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
A Patternable and In Situ Formed Polymeric Zinc Blanket for a Reversible Zinc Anode in a Skin‐Mountable Microbattery
Zhu, M., Hu, J., Lu, Q., Dong, H., Karnaushenko, D. D., Becker, C., Karnaushenko, D., Li, Y., Tang, H., Qu, Z., et al. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202007497 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Review—An Overview on Recent Progress in Screen-Printed Electroanalytical (Bio)Sensors
Singh, S., Wang, J., & Cinti, S. (2022) · ECS Sensors Plus · doi:10.1149/2754-2726/ac70e2 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Carbon Material‐Based Multifunctional Sensors and Their Applications in Electronic Skin Systems
Guo, Y., Wei, X., Gao, S., Yue, W., Li, Y., & Shen, G. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202104288 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Highly Sensitive Porous PDMS-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensors Fabricated on Fabric Platform for Wearable Applications
Masihi, S., Panahi, M. S., Maddipatla, D., Hanson, A. J., Bose, A. K., Hajian, S., Palaniappan, V., Narakathu, B. B., Bazuin, B. J., & Atashbar, M. Z. (2021) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.0c02122 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Versatile self-assembled electrospun micropyramid arrays for high-performance on-skin devices with minimal sensory interference
Zhang, J.-H., Li, Z., Xu, J., Li, J., Yan, K., Cheng, W., Xin, M., Zhu, T., Du, J., Chen, S., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33454-y · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Smart Tactile Gloves for Haptic Interaction, Communication, and Rehabilitation
Ozioko, O., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100091 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flexible Sensors—From Materials to Applications
Costa, J. C., Spina, F., Lugoda, P., Garcia‐Garcia, L. A., Roggen, D., & Munzenrieder, N. S. (2019) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies7020035 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Flexible potentiometric pH sensors for wearable systems
Manjakkal, L., Dervin, S., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra00016g · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent Progress in the Energy Harvesting Technology—From Self-Powered Sensors to Self-Sustained IoT, and New Applications
Liu, L., Guo, X., Liu, W., & Lee, C. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11112975 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Moreover, the developments of energy harvesting technology also show new strategies for robotic controlling by energy-autonomous feedback [253,254].”
Background
Printed Temperature Sensor Based on PEDOT: PSS-Graphene Oxide Composite
Soni, M., Bhattacharjee, M., Ntagios, M., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.2969667 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Most of the time, the complex processing and higher temperatures needed in standard microfabrication are not suitable with flexible substrates [1-4, 22, 25, 26].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics
Tan, Y. J., Susanto, G. J., Ali, H. P. A., & Tee, B. C. K. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202002800 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Imperceptible energy harvesting device and biomedical sensor based on ultraflexible ferroelectric transducers and organic diodes
Petritz, A., Karner‐Petritz, E., Uemura, T., Schäffner, P., Araki, T., Stadlober, B., & Sekitani, T. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22663-6 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
E-Skin: From Humanoids to Humans [Point of View]
Dahiya, R. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2890729 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“In a recent review article [29], we have discussed a wide range of solutions such as lightweight e-skin with wearable energy harvesters (e.g., photovoltaics, thermoelectric, piezo-electric, and triboelectric) and energy storage devices (e.g., ﬂexible batteries and supercapacitors).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Breathable Electronic Skins for Daily Physiological Signal Monitoring
Yang, Y., Cui, T., Li, D., Ji, S., Chen, Z., Shao, W., Liu, H., & Ren, T. (2022) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-022-00911-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Energy Autonomous Sweat‐Based Wearable Systems
Manjakkal, L., Yin, L., Nathan, A., Wang, J., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202100899 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
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Textile-Based Potentiometric Electrochemical pH Sensor for Wearable Applications
Manjakkal, L., Dang, W., Yogeswaran, N., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios9010014 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
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Toward an AI Era: Advances in Electronic Skins
Fu, X., Cheng, W., Wan, G., Yang, Z., & Tee, B. C. K. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00049 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Wearable Single-Electrode-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator via Conductive Polymer-Coated Textiles for Self-Power Electronics
Mule, A. R., Dudem, B., Patnam, H., Graham, S. A., & Yu, J. S. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03629 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Smart Fibers for Self-Powered Electronic Skins
Lv, X., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Li, Z., & Ding, B. (2022) · Advanced Fiber Materials · doi:10.1007/s42765-022-00236-6 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Fortunately, piezoelectric and triboelectric electronic skins can gather ambient mechanical energy to power themselves without battery components, in addition, to quickly and precisely responding to dynamic situations [19].”
Background
Fingerprint‐Enhanced Capacitive‐Piezoelectric Flexible Sensing Skin to Discriminate Static and Dynamic Tactile Stimuli
Navaraj, W. T., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.201900051 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Origin of the contact force-dependent response of triboelectric nanogenerators
Min, G., Xu, Y., Cochran, P., Gadegaard, N., Mulvihill, D. M., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105829 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Owning to their versatility, TENGs have been proposed for harnessing energy from a wide variety of mechanical sources including wave [1], wind [2], machine vibration [3] and human motion [4] for applications such as energy autonomous wearables [5-8] and portable personal entertainment devices [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Smart materials for smart healthcare– moving from sensors and actuators to self-sustained nanoenergy nanosystems
Hassani, F. A., Shi, Q., Wen, F., He, T., Haroun, A., Yang, Y., Feng, Y., & Lee, C. (2020) · Smart Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.smaim.2020.07.005 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
PEDOT:PSS Microchannel‐Based Highly Sensitive Stretchable Strain Sensor
Bhattacharjee, M., Soni, M., Escobedo, P., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.202000445 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self‐Powered Active Sensing Based on Triboelectric Generators
Khandelwal, G., & Dahiya, R. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202200724 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
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Cellulose and its derivatives for lithium ion battery separators: A review on the processing methods and properties
Lizundia, E., Costa, C. M., Alves, R., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100001 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Robotic Hands with Intrinsic Tactile Sensing via 3D Printed Soft Pressure Sensors
Ntagios, M., Nassar, H., Pullanchiyodan, A., Navaraj, W. T., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.201900080 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Aerosol-Jet-Printed Graphene Immunosensor for Label-Free Cytokine Monitoring in Serum
Parate, K., Rangnekar, S. V., Jing, D., Mendivelso-Perez, D. L., Ding, S., Secor, E. B., Smith, E. A., Hostetter, J. M., Hersam, M. C., & Claussen, J. C. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b22183 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Multifunctional flexible and stretchable electrochromic energy storage devices
Manjakkal, L., Pereira, L., Kumi‐Barimah, E., Grey, P., Franco, F. F., Lin, Z., Jose, G., & Hogg, R. A. (2024) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101244 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Energy autonomous hybrid electronic skin with multi-modal sensing capabilities
Zhu, M., Lou, M., Yu, J., Li, Z., & Ding, B. (2020) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105208 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Stretchable organic optoelectronic devices: Design of materials, structures, and applications
Lee, H., Jiang, Z., Yokota, T., Fukuda, K., Park, S., & Someya, T. (2021) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2021.100631 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Electronic Skins Based on Liquid Metals
Yang, J., Cheng, W., & Kalantar‐Zadeh, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2908433 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“[184] N.”
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Regulating Thermogalvanic Effect and Mechanical Robustness via Redox Ions for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Thermocells
Peng, P., Zhou, J., Liang, L., Huang, X., Lv, H., Liu, Z., & Chen, G. (2022) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-022-00824-6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ferroelectric-assisted high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) composite nanofibers with barium titanate nanofillers
Min, G., Pullanchiyodan, A., Dahiya, A. S., Hosseini, E. S., Xu, Y., Mulvihill, D. M., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106600 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Energy autonomy of wearable electronic systems is a much-needed feature that has attracted considerable interest in recent years as reflected by the development of a wide variety of energy harvesters and storage devices [1 – 3].”
Self-citation
A unified contact force-dependent model for triboelectric nanogenerators accounting for surface roughness
Xu, Y., Min, G., Gadegaard, N., Dahiya, R., & Mulvihill, D. M. (2020) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105067 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Advanced Soft Sensors and Actuators: From Architecture to Function
Zhao, W., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Xu, Y., Ding, N., & Peng, Z. (2021) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202001218 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A flexible quasi-solid-state thermoelectrochemical cell with high stretchability as an energy-autonomous strain sensor
Liang, L., Lv, H., Shi, X., Liu, Z., Chen, G., Chen, Z., & Sun, G. (2021) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d1mh00775k · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A Bioinspired Artificial Injury Response System Based on a Robust Polymer Memristor to Mimic a Sense of Pain, Sign of Injury, and Healing
Xu, X., Cho, E. J., Bekker, L., Talin, A. A., Lee, E., Pascall, A. J., Worsley, M. A., Zhou, J. J., Cook, C. C., Kuntz, J. D., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202200629 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Microfluidics for flexible electronics
Guo, J., Yu, Y., Cai, L., Wang, Y., Shi, K., Shang, L., Pan, J., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2020.08.017 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Thermoelectric Generator: Materials and Applications in Wearable Health Monitoring Sensors and Internet of Things Devices
Hasan, M. N., Marwan Nafea, M., Nayan, N., & Ali, M. S. M. (2021) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202101203 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Photovoltaics for indoor energy harvesting
Chakraborty, A., Lucarelli, G., Xu, J., Skafi, Z., Castro‐Hermosa, S., Kaveramma, A. B., Balakrishna, R. G., & Brown, T. M. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109932 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Polymer Materials—Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Balcerak, A., Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka, M., & Kabatc, J. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17174255 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Advancements and future prospects of wearable sensing technology for healthcare applications
Sharma, A., Singh, A., Gupta, V., & Arya, S. K. (2022) · Sensors & Diagnostics · doi:10.1039/d2sd00005a · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Research Progress of Flexible Electronic Devices Based on Electrospun Nanofibers
Wang, S., Fan, P., Liu, W., Hu, B., Guo, J., Wang, Z., Zhu, S., Zhao, Y., Fan, J., Li, G., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c13106 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Highly elastic capacitive pressure sensor based on smart textiles for full-range human motion monitoring
Vu, C. C., & Kim, J. (2020) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2020.112029 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Fully stretchable self-charging power unit with micro-supercapacitor and triboelectric nanogenerator based on oxidized single-walled carbon nanotube/polymer electrodes
Yang, H. J., Lee, J., Seo, S. H., Jeong, B., Lee, B., Do, W. J., Kim, J. H., Cho, J. Y., Jo, A., Jeong, H. J., et al. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106083 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
How Far Are We from Achieving Self‐Powered Flexible Health Monitoring Systems: An Energy Perspective
Yu, H., Li, N., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202002646 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Flexible Electronic Skin: From Humanoids to Humans [Scanning the Issue]
Dahiya, R., Akinwande, D., & Chang, J. S. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2941665 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“, communications protocols, battery technology, materials, and sensors, will begin to drive and influence developments in those technologies [11].”
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Review—Energy Autonomous Wearable Sensors for Smart Healthcare: A Review
Dahiya, A. S., Thireau, J., Boudaden, J., Lal, S., Gulzar, U., Zhang, Y., Gil, T., Azémard, N., Ramm, P., Kiessling, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0162003jes · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Electro-spun nanofibers-based triboelectric nanogenerators in wearable electronics: status and perspectives
Tao, D., Su, P., Chen, A., Gu, D., Eginligil, M., & Huang, W. (2025) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-024-00357-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Consequently, this multifaceted fabrication technique renders nano ﬁ ber complexes highly valuable for wearable TENG applications 3,6,29,31,82 – 88,91,98 Wearable sensing .”
Influential
Graphene–Graphite Polyurethane Composite Based High‐Energy Density Flexible Supercapacitors
Manjakkal, L., Navaraj, W. T., García‐Núñez, C., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201802251 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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Silver nanowire networks with preparations and applications: a review
Tan, D., Jiang, C., Li, Q., Bi, S., & Song, J. (2020) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-020-04131-x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Advancing Flexible Thermoelectric Devices with Polymer Composites
Liu, Z., & Chen, G. (2020) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202000049 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Flexible and Biodegradable Piezoelectric‐Based Wearable Sensor for Non‐Invasive Monitoring of Dynamic Human Motions and Physiological Signals
Ali, M., Hoseyni, S. M., Das, R., Awais, M., Basdogan, I., & Beker, L. (2023) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202300347 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Review of Robot Skin: A Potential Enabler for Safe Collaboration, Immersive Teleoperation, and Affective Interaction of Future Collaborative Robots
Pang, G., Yang, G., & Pang, Z. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics · doi:10.1109/tmrb.2021.3097252 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Soft eSkin: distributed touch sensing with harmonized energy and computing
Soni, M., & Dahiya, R. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0156 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Cu–EGaIn enabled stretchable e-skin for interactive electronics and CT assistant localization
Guo, R., Cui, B., Zhao, X., Duan, M., Sun, X., Zhao, R., Sheng, L., Liu, J., & Lu, J. (2020) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/c9mh02066g · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Evolving Flexible Sensors, Wearable and Implantable Technologies Towards BodyNET for Advanced Healthcare and Reinforced Life Quality
He, T., & Lee, C. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/ojcas.2021.3123272 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“By harvesting in vitro and in vivo biomechanical energy, the ultimate goal of self-sustainable sensing systems can be achieved with high-performance energy harvesters [42]–[44].”
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SensAct: The Soft and Squishy Tactile Sensor with Integrated Flexible Actuator
Ozioko, O., Karipoth, P., Escobedo, P., Ntagios, M., Pullanchiyodan, A., & Dahiya, R. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.201900145 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Smart E-Textiles: Overview of Components and Outlook
Ruckdashel, R. R., Khadse, N., & Park, J. H. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22166055 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wireless, passive strain sensor in a doughnut-shaped contact lens for continuous non-invasive self-monitoring of intraocular pressure
Kouhani, M. H. M., Wu, J., Tavakoli, A., Weber, A. J., & Li, W. (2019) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c9lc00735k · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Indoor Organic Photovoltaics for Self‐Sustaining IoT Devices: Progress, Challenges and Practicalization
Jahandar, M., Kim, S., & Lim, D. C. (2021) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202100981 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Skin-inspired wearable self-powered electronic skin with tunable sensitivity for real-time monitoring of sleep quality
Yue, O., Wang, X., Hou, M., Zheng, M., Bai, Z., Cui, B., Cha, S., & Liu, X. (2021) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106682 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Review on Wearable Thermoelectric Generators: From Devices to Applications
Zhu, S., Fan, Z., Feng, B., Shi, R., Jiang, Z., Peng, Y., Gao, J., Miao, L., & Koumoto, K. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15093375 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Energy Generating Electronic Skin With Intrinsic Tactile Sensing Without Touch Sensors
Escobedo, P., Ntagios, M., Shakthivel, D., Navaraj, W. T., & Dahiya, R. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2020.3031264 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“power supply through batteries is not practical because they add weight, are not flexible, and may require redesigning of robotics platform [15],”
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“3 [40] Núñez CG, Manjakkal L, Dahiya R (2019) Energy auton-”
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Energy autonomous eSkin
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Live demonstration: Energy autonomous electronic skin for robotics
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Self-citation
(Invited) Skin-Interfaced Self-Powered Wearable Sensors
Gao, W. F. (2020) · ECS Meeting Abstracts · doi:10.1149/ma2020-01251435mtgabs

Authors: García Núñez, C., Manjakkal, L., & Dahiya, R.
Affiliations: University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author: Dahiya, Ravinder
ORCID: Manjakkal, Libu
Dahiya, Ravinder
Venue: npj Flexible Electronics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-01-04
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
ISSN: 2397-4621 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41528-018-0045-x
OpenAlex: W2906776524
Cited by: 332
References: 226
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 34
FWCI: 16.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: npj Flexible Electronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R029644/1, EP/M002527/1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
Keywords: electronic skin, energy self-sufficiency, self-powered devices, energy harvesting, energy storage devices, wireless power transfer, wearable electronics, flexible energy systems, prosthetics, robotics, Internet of Things

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