A wearable multisensing patch for continuous sweat monitoring
Open accessAbstract
In sport, exercise and healthcare settings, there is a need for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers to assess human performance, health and wellbeing. Here we report the development of a flexible microfluidic platform with fully integrated sensing for on-body testing of human sweat. The system can simultaneously and selectively measure metabolite (e.g. lactate) and electrolytes (e.g. pH, sodium) together with temperature sensing for internal calibration. The construction of the platform is designed such that continuous flow of sweat can pass through an array of flexible microneedle type of sensors (50µm diameter) incorporated in a microfluidic channel. Potentiometric sodium ion sensors were developed using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) functional membrane deposited on an electrochemically deposited internal layer of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer. The pH sensing layer is based on a highly sensitive membrane of iridium oxide (IrOx). The amperometric-based lactate sensor consists of doped enzymes deposited on top of a semipermeable copolymer membrane and outer polyurethane layers. Real-time data were collected from human subjects during cycle ergometry and treadmill running. A detailed comparison of sodium, lactate and cortisol from saliva is reported, demonstrating the potential of the multi-sensing platform for tracking these outcomes. In summary, a fully integrated sensor for continuous, simultaneous and selective measurement of sweat metabolites, electrolytes and temperature was achieved using a flexible microfluidic platform. This system can also transmit information wirelessly for ease of collection and storage, with the potential for real-time data analytics.
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Clinical testing showed that perspiration commenced 10-15 min into the warm up period with increasing sweat rate during exercise due to thermoregulation.
“Clinical testing showed that perspiration commenced 10–15 min into the warm up period with increasing sweat rate during exercise due to thermoregulation.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Sodium and lactate levels from saliva demonstrated the same correlation as noted with sweat; salivary cortisol levels exhibited the largest variation among the subjects.
“Sodium and lactate levels demonstrated the same correlation as noted with sweat; however, salivary cortisol levels exhibited the largest variation among the subjects.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Sodium and lactate levels increased with an increase in exercise intensity reflecting a rise in anaerobic metabolism.
“Sodium and lactate levels increased with an increase in exercise intensity reflecting a rise in anaerobic metabolism.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Temperature readings of the sensor varied between 20 and 40 °C across subjects.
“Temperature readings of the sensor varied between 20 and 40 °C across subjects.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Anastasova, S., Crewther, B., Bembnowicz, P., Curto, V., Ip, H. M., Rosa, B., & Yang, G.-Z.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Instytut Sportu (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Anastasova, Salzitsa
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 93
- Pages
- 139-145
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2521475794
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 17.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2017-08-15)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Elite Sport Performance Research in Training with Pervasive Sensing Programme (EP/H009744/1)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- UK Sports Council
- Smart Sensing for Surgery Project (EP/L014149/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- wearable sensors, sweat monitoring, flexible microfluidics, lactate sensing, sodium ion detection, pH sensing, PEDOT, microneedle sensors, cortisol, exercise monitoring, wireless data transmission, human performance monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Electrolytes, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Iridium, Polymers, Polyvinyl Chloride, Sweat, Biosensing Techniques, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
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