The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice
Open accessAbstract
To define the genetic requirements for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), we have targeted concomitant endogenous expression of Trp53(R172H) and Kras(G12D) to the mouse pancreas, revealing the cooperative development of invasive and widely metastatic carcinoma that recapitulates the human disease. The primary carcinomas and metastases demonstrate a high degree of genomic instability manifested by nonreciprocal translocations without obvious telomere erosion-hallmarks of human carcinomas not typically observed in mice. No mutations were discovered in other cardinal tumor suppressor gene pathways, which, together with previous results, suggests that there are distinct genetic pathways to PDA with different biological behaviors. These findings have clear implications for understanding mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and for the development of detection and targeted treatment strategies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“which is derived from a liver metastasis of the autochthonous KPC model of pancreatic cancer,73 which recapitulates the low immunogenicity and immunotherapy responsiveness of the human pancreatic cancer.”
From Cystatin C is glucocorticoid responsive, directs recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages, and predicts failure of cancer immunotherapy (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“GEMMs with compound mutations that combine Kras mutation with the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Cdkn2a and Tp53, or with the inactivation of the TGFβ-SMAD4 signaling pathway in the pancreas develop invasive and metastatic PDAC (74–76), thus validating the role of these tumor suppressor pathways in PDAC progression (4).”
From KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“combined expression of oncogenic Kras coupled with the deletion or loss of function of Trp53, Cdkn2a, or Smad4 in the pancreas of mice readily leads to invasive PDAC29–32.”
From Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“altered p53 function has a multitude of tumor-promoting effects on neoplastic cells, including increased genomic instability30, reprogrammed cellular metabolism57,58, and enhanced metastatic propensity59.”
From Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
Spencer, P. M., Cameron, J. L., & Lin, L. (2000) · Cited by 7,202
Burris, H. A., Moore, M. J., Andersen, J., Green, M. R., Rothenberg, M. L., Modiano, M., Cripps, M. C., Portenoy, R. K., Storniolo, A. M., Tarassoff, P. G., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1997.15.6.2403 · Cited by 5,895
Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours
Donehower, L. A., Harvey, M., Slagle, B. L., McArthur, M. J., Montgomery, C. A., Butel, J. S., & Bradley, A. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356215a0 · Cited by 4,649
Genetic instabilities in human cancers
Lengauer, C., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25292 · Cited by 4,168
Jemal, A., Tiwari, R. C., Murray, T., Ghafoor, A., Samuels, A., Ward, E., Feuer, E. J., & Thun, M. J. (2004) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.1.8 · Cited by 3,984
Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage.
Kastan, M. B., Onyekwere, O. C., Sidransky, D., Vogelstein, B., & Craig, R. W. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 3,761
Crystal Structure of a p53 Tumor Suppressor-DNA Complex: Understanding Tumorigenic Mutations
Cho, Y., Gorina, S., Jeffrey, P. D., & Pavletich, N. P. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8023157 · Cited by 2,559 · cited 1×
“The TP53R175H mutation (Trp53R172H in mice) results in a partially denatured structure that impairs DNA binding (Cho et al., 1994).”
BackgroundPreinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse
Hingorani, S. R., Petricoin, E. F., Maitra, A., Rajapakse, V., King, C., Jacobetz, M. A., Ross, S., Conrads, T. P., Veenstra, T. D., Hitt, B. A., et al. (2003) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00309-x · Cited by 2,471
Self-citationTumor spectrum analysis in p53-mutant mice
Jacks, T., Remington, L., Williams, B. O., Schmitt, E. M., Halachmi, S., Bronson, R. T., & Weinberg, R. A. (1994) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00002-6 · Cited by 2,051
Genetic instability in colorectal cancers
Lengauer, C., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386623a0 · Cited by 1,995
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–151 of 151
Shi, G., DiRenzo, D., Qu, C., Barney, D., Miley, D., & Konieczny, S. F. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.210 · Cited by 162
Interstitial Pressure in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Is Dominated by a Gel-Fluid Phase
DuFort, C. C., DelGiorno, K. E., Carlson, M. A., Osgood, R. J., Zhao, C., Huang, Z., Thompson, C. B., Connor, R. J., Thanos, C. D., Scott Brockenbrough, J., et al. (2016) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.040 · Cited by 171
Self-citationShi, G., Zhu, L., Sun, Y., Bettencourt, R., Damsz, B., Hruban, R. H., & Konieczny, S. F. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.066 · Cited by 168
Self-citationEndocrine-Exocrine Signaling Drives Obesity-Associated Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Chung, K. M., Singh, J., Lawres, L., Dorans, K. J., Garcia, C., Burkhardt, D. B., Robbins, R., Bhutkar, A., Cardone, R., Zhao, X., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.062 · Cited by 150
The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Krah, N. M., De La O, J.-P., Swift, G. H., Hoang, C. Q., Willet, S. G., Chen Pan, F., Cash, G. M., Bronner, M. P., Wright, C. V., MacDonald, R. J., et al. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.07125 · Cited by 166
Ma, Y., Li, J., Wang, H., Chiu, Y., Kingsley, C. V., Fry, D., Delaney, S. N., Wei, S. C., Zhang, J., Maitra, A., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.018 · Cited by 154
Hu, H.-F., Ye, Z., Qin, Y., Xu, X.-W., Yu, X.-J., Zhuo, Q.-F., & Ji, S.-R. (2021) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00584-2 · Cited by 149
Cell of origin affects tumour development and phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Lee, A. Y. L., Dubois, C. L., Sarai, K., Zarei, S., Schaeffer, D. F., Sander, M., & Kopp, J. L. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314426 · Cited by 139
An In Vivo Kras Allelic Series Reveals Distinct Phenotypes of Common Oncogenic Variants
Zafra, M. P., Parsons, M. J., Kim, J., Alonso-Curbelo, D., Goswami, S., Schatoff, E. M., Han, T., Katti, A., Fernandez, M. T. C., Wilkinson, J. E., et al. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0442 · Cited by 139
Well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: from genetics to therapy
de Wilde, R. F., Edil, B. H., Hruban, R. H., & Maitra, A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.9 · Cited by 122
Self-citationAguilera, K. Y., Huang, H., Du, W., Hagopian, M. M., Wang, Z., Hinz, S., Hwang, T. H., Wang, H., Fleming, J. B., Castrillon, D. H., et al. (2017) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0834 · Cited by 118
Genome profiling of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Birnbaum, D. J., Adélaïde, J., Mamessier, E., Finetti, P., Lagarde, A., Monges, G., Viret, F., Gonçalvès, A., Turrini, O., Delpero, J., et al. (2011) · Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.20870 · Cited by 122
Differential contribution of pancreatic fibroblast subsets to the pancreatic cancer stroma
Garcia, P. E., Adoumie, M., Kim, E. C., Zhang, Y., Scales, M. K., El-Tawil, Y. S., Shaikh, A. Z., Wen, H.-J., Bednar, F., Allen, B. L., et al. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.004 · Cited by 110
Cell of origin influences pancreatic cancer subtype
Flowers, B. M., Xu, H., Mulligan, A. S., Hanson, K. J., Seoane, J. A., Vogel, H., Curtis, C., Wood, L. D., & Attardi, L. D. (2021) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0633 · Cited by 118
Lander, V. E., Belle, J. I., Kingston, N. L., Herndon, J. M., Hogg, G. D., Liu, X., Kang, L.-I., Knolhoff, B. L., Bogner, S. J., Baer, J. M., et al. (2022) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0192 · Cited by 114
eIF4A supports an oncogenic translation program in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Chan, K., Robert, F., Oertlin, C., Kapeller-Libermann, D., Avizonis, D., Gutierrez, J., Handly-Santana, A., Doubrovin, M., Park, J., Schoepfer, C., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13086-5 · Cited by 106
Epithelial and stromal co-evolution and complicity in pancreatic cancer
Hingorani, S. R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-022-00530-w · Cited by 108
Self-citationBlasco, M. T., Navas, C., Martín-Serrano, G., Graña-Castro, O., Lechuga, C. G., Martín-Díaz, L., Djurec, M., Li, J., Morales-Cacho, L., Esteban-Burgos, L., et al. (2019) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2019.03.002 · Cited by 115
Poh, A. R., & Ernst, M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13122860 · Cited by 106
Qiu, W., Sahin, F., Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A., Garcia-Carracedo, D., Wang, W. M., Kuo, C.-Y., Chen, D., Arking, D. E., Lowy, A. M., Hruban, R. H., et al. (2011) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.357 · Cited by 99
Self-citationLo, J. A., Kawakubo, M., Juneja, V. R., Su, M. Y., Erlich, T. H., LaFleur, M. W., Kemeny, L. V., Rashid, M., Malehmir, M., Rabi, S. A., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8636 · Cited by 97
Somatic Mutations in Exocrine Pancreatic Tumors: Association with Patient Survival
Rachakonda, P. S., Bauer, A. S., Xie, H., Campa, D., Rizzato, C., Canzian, F., Beghelli, S., Greenhalf, W., Costello, E., Schanne, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060870 · Cited by 93
Ideno, N., Yamaguchi, H., Ghosh, B., Gupta, S., Okumura, T., Steffen, D. J., Fisher, C. G., Wood, L. D., Singhi, A. D., Nakamura, M., et al. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.006 · Cited by 80
Tumor-intrinsic PIK3CA represses tumor immunogenicity in a model of pancreatic cancer
Sivaram, N., McLaughlin, P. A., Han, H. V., Petrenko, O., Jiang, Y.-P., Ballou, L. M., Pham, K., Liu, C., van der Velden, A. W. M., & Lin, R. Z. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci123540 · Cited by 78
A Classical Epithelial State Drives Acute Resistance to KRAS Inhibition in Pancreatic Cancer
Singhal, A., Styers, H. C., Rub, J., Li, Z., Torborg, S. R., Kim, J. Y., Grbovic-Huezo, O., Feng, H., Tarcan, Z. C., Sahin Ozkan, H., et al. (2024) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-24-0740 · Cited by 84
Garcia, P. L., Miller, A. L., & Yoon, K. J. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12051327 · Cited by 77
In vivo reprogramming drives Kras-induced cancer development
Shibata, H., Komura, S., Yamada, Y., Sankoda, N., Tanaka, A., Ukai, T., Kabata, M., Sakurai, S., Kuze, B., Woltjen, K., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04449-5 · Cited by 76
Bhagwat, N., Dulmage, K., Pletcher, C. H., Wang, L., DeMuth, W., Sen, M., Balli, D., Yee, S. S., Sa, S., Tong, F., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23217-5 · Cited by 75
Self-citationPrecision delivery of RAS-inhibiting siRNA to KRAS driven cancer via peptide-based nanoparticles
Strand, M. S., Krasnick, B. A., Pan, H., Zhang, X., Bi, Y., Brooks, C., Wetzel, C., Sankpal, N., Fleming, T., Goedegebuure, S. P., et al. (2019) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27109 · Cited by 74
Clonal dynamics following p53 loss of heterozygosity in Kras-driven cancers
Muzumdar, M. D., Dorans, K. J., Chung, K. M., Robbins, R., Tammela, T., Gocheva, V., Li, C. M.-C., & Jacks, T. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12685 · Cited by 72
Hein, A. L., Seshacharyulu, P., Rachagani, S., Sheinin, Y. M., Ouellette, M. M., Ponnusamy, M. P., Mumby, M. C., Batra, S. K., & Yan, Y. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2119 · Cited by 66
Tu, Q., Hao, J., Zhou, X., Yan, L., Dai, H., Sun, B., Yang, D., An, S., Lv, L., Jiao, B., et al. (2018) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2017.316 · Cited by 66
Hosein, A. N., Dangol, G., Okumura, T., Roszik, J., Rajapakshe, K., Siemann, M., Zaid, M., Ghosh, B., Monberg, M., Guerrero, P. A., et al. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.273 · Cited by 61
An in vivo multiplexed small-molecule screening platform
Grüner, B. M., Schulze, C. J., Yang, D., Ogasawara, D., Dix, M. M., Rogers, Z. N., Chuang, C.-H., McFarland, C. D., Chiou, S.-H., Brown, J. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3992 · Cited by 62
DeNardo, D. G., Galkin, A., Dupont, J., Zhou, L., & Bendell, J. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003005 · Cited by 53
Multifaceted role for p53 in pancreatic cancer suppression
Mello, S. S., Flowers, B. M., Mazur, P. K., Lee, J. J., Müller, F., Denny, S. K., Ferreira, S., Hanson, K., Kim, S. K., Greenleaf, W. J., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2211937120 · Cited by 55
Pre-clinical Models of Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer
Miquel, M., Zhang, S., & Pilarsky, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.748631 · Cited by 53
Arid1a restrains Kras-dependent changes in acinar cell identity
Livshits, G., Alonso-Curbelo, D., Morris, J. P., Koche, R., Saborowski, M., Wilkinson, J. E., & Lowe, S. W. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.35216 · Cited by 48
Comparison of gene expression and DNA copy number changes in a murine model of lung cancer
Sweet‐Cordero, A., Tseng, G. C., You, H., Douglass, M., Huey, B., Albertson, D., & Jacks, T. (2006) · Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.20296 · Cited by 45
KDM6A regulates cell plasticity and pancreatic cancer progression by noncanonical activin pathway
Yi, Z., Wei, S., Jin, L., Jeyarajan, S., Yang, J., Gu, Y., Kim, H. S., Schechter, S., Lu, S., Paulsen, M. T., et al. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.014 · Cited by 41
Ruggeri, J. M., Franco-Barraza, J., Sohail, A., Zhang, Y., Long, D., Pasca di Magliano, M., Cukierman, E., Fridman, R., & Crawford, H. C. (2020) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.020 · Cited by 40
Frank, K. J., Mulero-Sánchez, A., Berninger, A., Ruiz-Cañas, L., Bosma, A., Görgülü, K., Wu, N., Diakopoulos, K. N., Kaya-Aksoy, E., Ruess, D. A., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100815 · Cited by 40
Genetic Mutations of Pancreatic Cancer and Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
Saiki, Y., Jiang, C., Ohmuraya, M., & Furukawa, T. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14010071 · Cited by 38
Kleeman, S. O., Thakir, T. M., Demestichas, B., Mourikis, N., Loiero, D., Ferrer, M., Bankier, S., Riazat-Kesh, Y. J. R. A., Lee, H., Chantzichristos, D., et al. (2023) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100347 · Cited by 37
Gu, M., Gao, Y., & Chang, P. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13102429 · Cited by 35
Oncogenic KRAS engages an RSK1/NF1 pathway to inhibit wild-type RAS signaling in pancreatic cancer
Cheng, D. K., Oni, T. E., Thalappillil, J. S., Park, Y., Ting, H.-C., Alagesan, B., Prasad, N. V., Addison, K., Rivera, K. D., Pappin, D. J., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016904118 · Cited by 30
Self-citationTargeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer
Yamamoto, K., Iwadate, D., Kato, H., Nakai, Y., Tateishi, K., & Fujishiro, M. (2022) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-022-01889-1 · Cited by 29
Gu, Y., Ji, Y., Jiang, H., & Qiu, G. (2020) · Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers · doi:10.1089/gtmb.2020.0078 · Cited by 28
K‐RasV14I‐induced Noonan syndrome predisposes to tumour development in mice
Hernández‐Porras, I., Schuhmacher, A. J., Garcia‐Medina, R., Jiménez, B., Cañamero, M., de Martino, A., & Guerra, C. (2016) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4719 · Cited by 16
KRAS, a New Target for Precision Medicine in Colorectal Cancer?
Boilève, A., Smolenschi, C., Lambert, A., Boige, V., Delaye, M., Camilleri, G. M., Tarabay, A., Valéry, M., Fuerea, A., Pudlarz, T., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16203455 · Cited by 11
Prediction and identification of synergistic compound combinations against pancreatic cancer cells
KalantarMotamedi, Y., Choi, R. J., Koh, S.-B., Bramhall, J. L., Fan, T.-P., & Bender, A. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103080 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Hingorani, S. R., Wang, L., Multani, A. S., Combs, C., Deramaudt, T. B., Hruban, R. H., Rustgi, A. K., Chang, S., & Tuveson, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Abramson Cancer Center (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hingorani, Sunil R.
- Tuveson, David A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 469-483
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992995822
- Cited by
- 2,609
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 176 · 2018: 164 · 2017: 151 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 18.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K08AG001019)
- National Cancer Institute (R25-CA87812, P50CA-62924, U01CA084291, R25CA087812, R01CA101973, P50CA062924)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK60694, R01DK060694)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, KRAS G12D, chromosomal instability, non-reciprocal translocation, metastasis, tumor suppressor, oncogene cooperation, mouse model, pancreatic carcinogenesis, genomic instability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromosome Aberrations, Gene Expression Regulation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mice, Mutant Strains, Mice, Transgenic, Neoplasm Metastasis, Translocation, Genetic, Gene Rearrangement, Trans-Activators, Cadherins, Gene Expression, Survival Analysis, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Telomere, Centrosome, Homeodomain Proteins, Disease Progression, ras Proteins, Oncogene Proteins v-erbB, Integrases, Mutation, Missense, Cytogenetic Analysis, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal, Chromosomal Instability, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review