NF-κB Restricts Inflammasome Activation via Elimination of Damaged Mitochondria
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Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a key activator of inflammation, primes the NLRP3-inflammasome for activation by inducing pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 expression. NF-κB, however, also prevents excessive inflammation and restrains NLRP3-inflammasome activation through a poorly defined mechanism. We now show that NF-κB exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by inducing delayed accumulation of the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. External NLRP3-activating stimuli trigger a form of mitochondrial (mt) damage that is caspase-1- and NLRP3-independent and causes release of direct NLRP3-inflammasome activators, including mtDNA and mtROS. Damaged mitochondria undergo Parkin-dependent ubiquitin conjugation and are specifically recognized by p62, which induces their mitophagic clearance. Macrophage-specific p62 ablation causes pronounced accumulation of damaged mitochondria and excessive IL-1β-dependent inflammation, enhancing macrophage death. Therefore, the "NF-κB-p62-mitophagy" pathway is a macrophage-intrinsic regulatory loop through which NF-κB restrains its own inflammation-promoting activity and orchestrates a self-limiting host response that maintains homeostasis and favors tissue repair.
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Multiple components of molecular machinery for necroptosis-including ZBP1, RIPK3, MLKL, and TNFR1 (mainly via NF-κB)-impinge on control of inflammasome, a supramolecular platform for activation of CASP1 and consequent secretion of mature IL1B and IL18.
“Importantly, multiple components of the molecular machinery for necroptosis—including ZBP1, RIPK3, MLKL, and TNFR1 (mainly via NF-κB)—impinge on the control of the so-called “inflammasome”, a supramolecular platform for the activation of CASP1 and consequent secretion of mature interleukin 1 beta (IL1B; best known as IL-1β) and IL18 [524–529].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [528]
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- Authors
- Zhong, Z., Umemura, A., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Liang, S., Shalapour, S., Wong, J., He, F., Boassa, D., Perkins, G., Ali, S. R., McGeough, M. D., Ellisman, M. H., Seki, E., Gustafsson, A. B., Hoffman, H. M., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Moscat, J., & Karin, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karin, Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 896-910
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4769378
- OpenAlex
- W2275879522
- Cited by
- 1,197
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 54.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (135425_1)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA020172, AA020172)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL087023, R01HL087023)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA192642, R01CA163798, CA163798, R01CA132847, CA 030199, R01CA172025, CA132847, R01CA155120, P01CA128814, CA172025, CA192642, P30CA030199)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM103412, GM103412)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-043477, AI52430, R01AI043477, R01AI052430, R37AI043477)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK085252, R01DK085252, P01DK098108)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES010337, ES 010337)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammasome activation, p62, mitophagy, mitochondrial damage, Parkin, ubiquitin conjugation, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, IL-1β, macrophages, anti-inflammatory regulation, tissue repair
- MeSH terms
- Sequestosome-1 Protein, Animals, Heat-Shock Proteins, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Mitochondria, Reactive Oxygen Species, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Mice, NF-kappa B p50 Subunit, Interleukin-1beta, Inflammasomes
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