Australia-wide assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfill leachates
Abstract
Leachate from 27 landfills was analysed for nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Five PFASs were detected ubiquitously, with perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) the predominant PFAS (mean 1700ng/L; range 73-25,000ng/L). Despite the complexity of landfill-specific factors, some general trends in PFAS concentrations were observed. Mean concentrations of eight PFASs were higher in operating landfills (or landfill cells) accepting primarily municipal waste, compared to closed municipal landfills. Landfills accepting primarily construction and demolition wastes produced leachate that had higher mean PFAS concentrations than municipal landfills. Younger landfills appeared to have a higher burden of waste containing PFASs (or their precursors), as significant relationships (p<0.05) were observed between selected PFAS concentrations and landfill age. Increasing pH and total organic carbon (TOC) in leachate were associated with increased concentrations of several PFASs. Eight landfills discharged leachate to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Estimated masses of PFASs discharged reached a maximum of 62g annually (PFHxA), with a national estimate reaching 31kg (PFHxA) annually. The practise of treating leachate at WWTPs allows redistribution of PFASs between the solid and liquid waste streams, although the contribution of leachate to the total load of PFASs entering WWTPs is minor compared to domestic waste water sources.
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PFOA and PFOS are the most common PFAS and are detected worldwide in various environmental matrices.
“Per-fluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and per-fluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most common PFAS and are detected worldwide in various environmental matrices (Gallen et al., 2017).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
PFAS are commonly used across the globe.
“Therefore, these compounds are commonly used across the globe (Gallen et al., 2017).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Yard trash disposed of in Florida landfills may dilute the PFAS concentrations in CDD leachate compared with Australian landfills.
“Yard trash disposed of in Florida landfills may dilute the PFAS concentrations in CDD leachate compared with the Australian landfills.”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Prior studies showed that higher PFAS was usually observed in the recent waste.
“prior studies showed that higher PFAS was usually observed in the recent waste”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Gallen et al. (2017) showed that PFAS decreased with the increasing waste age.
“Gallen et al. (2017) also showed that PFAS decreased with the increasing waste age”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Gallen et al. (2017) did not find significant differences of PFAS in the different operational status of Australian landfills.
“Although Gallen et al. (2017) did not find significant differences of PFAS in the different operational status of Australian landfills”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
This change can be explained by the dilution from rainfall.
“This change can be explained by the dilution from rainfall”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Gallen et al. (2017) reported PFAS concentrations in Australian WWTP effluent ranging from 21 to 560 ng L−1.
“They reported concentrations of PFAS ranging from 0.98–440 ng L−1 in influent, 21–560 ng L−1 in effluent, and 5.2–150 ng g−1 in biosolids.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Gallen et al. (2017) reported PFAS concentrations in Australian WWTP influent ranging from 0.98 to 440 ng L−1.
“They reported concentrations of PFAS ranging from 0.98–440 ng L−1 in influent, 21–560 ng L−1 in effluent, and 5.2–150 ng g−1 in biosolids.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
Gallen et al. (2017) reported PFAS concentrations in Australian biosolids ranging from 5.2 to 150 ng g−1.
“They reported concentrations of PFAS ranging from 0.98–440 ng L−1 in influent, 21–560 ng L−1 in effluent, and 5.2–150 ng g−1 in biosolids.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Gallen et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Gallen, C., Drage, D., Eaglesham, G., Grant, S., Bowman, M., & Mueller, J. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Australian Government (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gallen, C.
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 331
- Pages
- 132-141
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2591469160
- Semantic Scholar
- b70d11ad5f392633c5c8a2c8e5d348ec0506b373
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Thanh Hue Nguyen
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences
- The University of Queensland
- Queensland Department of Health
- Australian Government Department of the Environment
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS, landfill leachate, municipal solid waste landfill, construction and demolition waste, landfill age, leachate pH, total organic carbon, wastewater treatment plants, PFAS precursors, environmental contamination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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