Determination of adsorbable organic fluorine from aqueous environmental samples by adsorption to polystyrene-divinylbenzene based activated carbon and combustion ion chromatography
Abstract
A new method for the determination of trace levels of adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) in water is presented. Even if the individual contributing target compounds are widely unknown, this surrogate parameter is suited to identify typical organofluorine contaminations, such as with polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), and represents a lower boundary of the organofluorine concentration in water bodies. It consists of the adsorption of organofluorine chemicals on a commercially available synthetic polystyrene-divinylbenzene based activated carbon (AC) followed by analysis of the loaded AC by hydropyrolysis combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Inorganic fluorine is displaced by excess nitrate during the extraction step and by washing the loaded activated carbon with an acidic sodium nitrate solution. Due to its high purity the synthetic AC had a very low and reproducible fluorine blank (0.3 μg/g) compared to natural ACs (up to approximately 9 μg/g). Using this AC, fluoride and the internal standard phosphate could be detected free of chromatographic interferences. With a sample volume of 100 mL and 2× 100 mg of AC packed into two extraction columns combined in series, a limit of quantification (LOQ), derived according to the German standard method DIN 32645, of 0.3 μg/L was achieved. The recoveries of six model PFCs were determined from tap water and a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Except for the extremely polar perfluoroacetic acid (recovery of approximately 10%) the model substances showed fairly good (50% for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)) to very good fluorine recoveries (100±20% for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonate (6:2 FTS)), both from tap water and wastewater matrix. This new analytical protocol was exemplarily applied to several surface water and groundwater samples. The obtained AOF values were compared to the fluorine content of 19 target PFCs analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(-)ESI-MS/MS). In groundwater contaminated by PFC-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) up to 50% of the AOF could be attributed to PFC target chemicals, while in diffuse contaminated samples only <5% of the AOF could be identified by PFC analysis.
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Early applications of CIC and PIGE in firefighting foams, biota and textiles have revealed that only a small fraction of the organic fluorine content can be accounted for by known PFASs.
“Early applications of CIC and PIGE in reghting foams, biota and textiles have revealed that only a small fraction of the organic uorine content can be accounted for by known PFASs.31,33,37”
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- Authors
- Wagner, A., Raue, B., Brauch, H.-J., Worch, E., & Lange, F. T.
- Affiliations
- DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lange, Frank T.
- Venue
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 1295
- Pages
- 82-89
- ISSN
- 0021-9673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974916973
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Chromatography A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- activated carbon adsorption, combustion ion chromatography, hydropyrolysis, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorobutanesulfonate, groundwater contamination, wastewater treatment plant effluent, tap water
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Charcoal, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Fluorine, Polystyrenes, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Solid Phase Extraction, Groundwater, Wastewater
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