Smart city policies: A spatial approach

“On the other hand, the definition of Angelidou (2014) highlights the role of ICT to achieve prosperity, effectiveness and competitiveness.”

“Smart cities represent a conceptual urban development model on the basis of the utilization of human, collective, and technological capital for the development of urban agglomerations (Angelidou, 2014).”

“In theory, smart cities should contribute to the formation of high-quality, healthy and regenerative built environments modelled around the circular economy and with a net positive impact on the natural environment (Angelidou, 2014; Heo et al., 2014; Birkeland, 2002, 2014).”

“…urban innovation and development, and the balanced combination of human, social, cultural, environmental, economic, and technological aspects (Hemment and Townsend, 2013; Townsend, 2013; Angelidou, 2014; Christopoulou et al., 2014; Komninos, 2014; Hollands, 2015, 2016; Concilio and Rizzo, 2016).”

“…(Lin et al., 2015)), focuses on data-related issues such as data collection, access or analysis (e.g., “open data” (Bakici et al., 2013), “open public data” (Angelidou, 2014), “data analysis” (Wiig, 2016), “data […] enables real-time analysis of city life” (Kitchin, 2014)), or mixes both of them…”

“…into two types, i.e. hard and soft, which is a well-established categorization in the smart city literature (Ahvenniemi et al., 2017; Albino et al., 2015; Angelidou, 2014; Caragliu, del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011; Kummitha & Crutzen, 2017; Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano, & Scorrano, 2014).”

“We collected various cases of big data use in smart cities from journal articles, books, technical reports, news articles, and blogs (e.g., Angelidou, 2014; Kitchin, 2014; Perera et al., 2014; Purohit & Bothale, 2011) and organized the case information into a database that included data used, data…”

“management of urban services (Carvalho and Campos 2013; Angelidou 2015). Schaffers et al. (2011), later on emphasised by Kramers et al.”

“Within this framework, smart cities represent a conceptual urban development model on the basis of the utilization of human, collective, and technological capital for the enhancement of development and prosperity in urban agglomerations (Angelidou, 2014).”

“Building upon this spatially enabled intellectual capacity, cities and communities can address more effectively pressures related with competitiveness, sustainability and social inclusion – both in the present and in the future (Angelidou, 2014; Angelidou et al., 2012; Deakin, 2011; Komninos, 2011).”

“There is a high level of agreement in the literature that there is as yet no common definition of a smart city (Angelidou, 2014; Baron, 2012; Caragliu, Del Bo, & Nijkamp, 2011; Cocchia, 2014; Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano, & Scorrano, 2014).”

“Additional case study analyses can be found in the following publications: • Komninos (2011) selects Amsterdam, Hong Kong and Milton Keynes to describe three different approaches to smart city development in which the local communities’ intellectual capital and information technologies are combined; • Leydesdorff and…”

“There is an interaction among nearby cities that can impact smartness scores; in other terms, the strategic choices for a city to be smart have a spatial component that may play a fundamental role (Angelidou, 2014).”

“Other proposals for classifying Smart City concepts and policies are based on schools of thought (Kummitha & Crutzen, 2017) or a spatial approach, and suggest other strategic choices without any specific spatial reference (focusing on society, innovation or business models) (Angelidou, 2014).”

“The "state" refers primarily to local governments (municipalities), and/or cityregional departments, often indirectly encouraged by national or supranational (EU) levels (Angelidou 2014).”

“Angelidou (2014) shows how New York, for instance, one of the cities highly affected by Covid19, adopted the IoT for gathering insights from the communities.”

“The authors of [71] suggested systems and taxonomy dimensions for smart cities, and in [72], the author explored the different factors that facilitate the development of smart cities, which represents one of the efforts to provide a clear view of the strategic choices when mapping out such a…”

“…are claimed to provide such effective model with their successful management capabilities accompanied by the stimulus and location for the world’s creativity and innovation along with providing high quality of life and place, and low impact on the environment (Angelidou 2014; Heo et al. 2014).”

“As a result, urban planners have started to engage in topdown smart city projects based on infrastructure-oriented strategies, whereby the technological endowment (especially recognized in information and communication technologies) is considered the main driver to shape the future of smart cities (Angelidou, 2014).”

“Urban digital innovation reflects the infrastructural focus of urban planning (Ferrer et al., 2018), notably the technological assets (ranging from conventional to more advanced digital technologies) that constitute the backbone of any smart city developments (Angelidou, 2014).”

“As a transdisciplinary area, smart cities are often interconnected with various subjects such as urban science, ICT (Angelidou, 2014), IoT (Scuotto et al., 2016), health care (Aborokbah et al., 2018).”

“…(transport, energy, communication, waste, water, etc.) through ICT, and strategies which emphasize the soft infrastructure and people, i.e. social and human capital in terms of Page 27 of 52 Ac ce pt ed M an us cr ip t 27 knowledge, participation, equity, safety, and so forth (Angelidou 2014).”

“Angelidou [26] presents a review of strategies to realize smart cities.”

“Angelidou (2014) approached smart city using a civil engineering and urban architecture lens and classified smart cities as new versus existing cities, and corresponding smart city projects to “soft” versus “hard” implementations.”

“” SC strategies entail both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ development factors; following Angelidou (2014), smart cities target the efficiency and technological advancement of physical infrastructures or tangible resources (i.e. transport, water, waste, energy) as well as soft intangible capital (i.e. social and human capital, kno…”

“However, there used to be two mainstream approaches to the concept: the approach based on ICT and technology, in general, and the people-oriented approach [26].”

“However, the real challenge lies in procuring and managing this intelligence in the context of this new “smart cities landscape” (Angelidou, 2014).”

“Participatory technologies have been growing in popularity with an increasing number of cities and planning agencies using technology to engage the public in planning processes (Angelidou, 2014; Evans-Cowley &Manta Conroy, 2006; Schweitzer, 2014).”

“The process may reveal information that individual online respondents expected would be confi dential and would prefer to keep that way (Angelidou, 2014 ; Batty, 2013 ).”

“The digitization of some urban 44 services may have splintering effects on social cohesion as some social groups (e.g. 45 ageing population, migrants, etc.) may have limited access to digital resources 46 (Angelidou, 2014).”

“Since 2013, when the AIM and the KennisKring Amsterdam (Amsterdam Knowledge Network Foundation) were merged to become the Amsterdam Economic Board, 4 this working group has been included in the new ICT/e-Science Cluster (Amsterdam Economic Board 2014; The Technopolicy Network 2014).”

“…intelligence functions and the development of inclusive communities that confront the challenges and grasp the opportunities of the rising digital economy (Allwinkle and Cruickshank, 2011; Caragliu et al., 2009; Tranos and Gertner, 2012; Hollands, 2008; Angelidou et al., 2012; Angelidou, 2014).”

“Due to diverse disciplinary and sectoral perspectives, there is no common consensus on the definition of smart cities (Angelidou, 2014; Albino et al., 2015).”

“soft infrastructure orientated innovation (Angelidou, 2014).”

“9 Journal on Wireless Similarly, the eighth The largest such paper is that of Hollands [50], which was widely cited in 2014–2016, with a burst strength of 24.6934. smart-city development.”

“…in terms of urban performance, innovation, governance, and policy on the basis of experience plus the extant literature on smart cities (Abella, Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado, & De-Pablos-Heredero, 2015; Angelidou, 2014; Lombardi, Giordano, Farouh, & Yousef, 2012; Nam & Pardo, 2011; Paskaleva, 2009).”

“Angelidou [9] approached smart city using a civil engineering and urban architecture lens and classified smart cities as new versus existing cities, and corresponding smart city projects to “soft” versus “hard” implementations.”

“Score Central resiliency characteristics addressed HUP SUP HUP SUP 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Amsterdam Primary: Amsterdam Smart City (2017) https://amsterdamsmartcity.com Secondary: Angelidou (2014, 2016, 2017), Angelidou et al. (2017), Mora and Bolici (2017), van Winden and van den Buuse (2017) ▲ ▲ ▲ 0 ▲ ▲ -2 Adaptabil…”

“(2016); van Beurden (2011); Advancing Sustainability (2011); Huawei and Navigant Consulting (2017); van Beurden (2011); Huawei and Navigant Consulting (2017); Burgoyne and Mallsen (2017) Academic literature Angelidou (2014, 2017); Anthopoulous (2017); Caird, Hudson, and Kortuem (2016); Duarte et al.”

“These cities embody a conceptual urban development model based on the utilization of human, collective, and technological capital to enhance development and prosperity in urban agglomerations [51].”

“Going smart can therefore be understood as the intelligent management of man-made environments (Ahvenniemi et al., 2017; Angelidou, 2014; Bibri and Krogstie, 2017).”

“Angelidou (2014) suggested that technology push and demand pull are the two forces that are shaping the SCs. Technology push factor is usually determined through the utilization of the top-down method as adopted by the corporate entities that treat the cities as their prospective customers.”

“attainment of smart cities in some countries, a dream than a reality (Angelidou, 2014; Nam and Pardo, 2011).”

“However, along with the opportunities that smart cities bring, several challenges need to be addressed (Angelidou, 2014).”

“For our study, we adopt the definition of smart city as a conceptual urban development model that underscores the utilization of human, social, and technological capital for the development of regions (Angelidou, 2014).”

“The emphasis is primarily placed on corporations, with technologies understood as a strategic option for meeting corporate needs (Paroutis et al. 2014) and as a way of fostering increased prosperity, competitiveness and effectiveness (Angelidou 2014).”

“Facing a wide range of challenges, including constrained resources, (in-/out-) migration, environmental issues and growing social inequalities (to name a few), cities are searching for smart solutions that are efficient, effective and sustainable (Angelidou 2014; Luque-Ayala et al. 2014).”

“…for smart cities to more concrete strategies, for instance by starting with an assessment of what exists in a city and then setting goals accordingly on domains such as the soft (e.g., knowledge and innovation economy) and hard aspects of infrastructure (e.g., transportation, energy) [13], [14].”