RETRACTED: l-Tyrosine administration modulates the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in healthy humans
Open accessAbstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an increasingly popular method of modulating cognitive functions in humans. However, some doubt its efficacy as findings are inconsistent or remain unreplicated. It is speculated dopamine (DA) might play an important role in this inconsistency, by determining the direction and strength of the cognitive-behavioral effects of tDCS. However, so far evidence for this hypothesis has been correlational in nature, precluding definitive conclusions.Objective The present proof-of-principle study aimed at investigating a potentially causal role for DA in the effect of tDCS on cognition in healthy humans.Methods In Experiment 1 we aimed to replicate previous findings showing administration of DA's precursor l-Tyrosine (Tyr), presumably by inducing a modest increase in DA level, can enhance working memory (WM) performance as assessed with a verbal N-back task. In Experiment 2 we investigated the effect of Tyr administration on bilateral tDCS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and WM.Results Experiment 1 showed Tyr administration enhances performance in a verbal N-back task. Experiment 2 showed Tyr modulates the effect of bilateral tDCS over DLPFC on WM. Specifically, tDCS had opposite effects on performance depending on current direction through the brain and Tyr administration.Conclusions The present study provides two major findings. First, we replicate Tyr's beneficial effect on verbal WM. Second, our results indicate a causal role for DA in the effect of tDCS on cognition. For this reason, we encourage future studies to consider the modulating effect of DA, as a step towards more consistent and replicable results regarding the efficacy of tDCS.
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L-tyrosine can reverse stress-induced impairment in working memory performance and enhance performance without an external stressor when working memory load is sufficiently high.
“A broad literature has shown that L-tyrosine can reverse stress-induced impairment in WM performance (Jongkees et al., 2015), as well as enhancing performance without an external stressor when WM load is sufficiently high (Colzato et al., 2013; Jongkees et al., 2017; Thomas, Lockwood, Singh, & Deuster, 1999).”
From Baseline-dependent effect of dopamine’s precursor L-tyrosine on working memory gating but not updating (2020) · cites this paper as Jongkees et al., 2017
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Jongkees, B. J. (2020) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00783-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Jongkees, B. J., Sellaro, R., Beste, C., Nitsche, M. A., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- University of Kassel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jongkees, Bryant J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cortex
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 90
- Pages
- 103-114
- ISSN
- 0010-9452 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2591615181
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (#452-12-001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, tyrosine, dopamine, working memory, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, current direction, cognitive enhancement, retraction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Tyrosine, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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