Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies

In the paper

“Two studies (Hargus et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2000) have shown that mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory, a construct that has been associated with increased severity of depression and suicidality (Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Discussion says MBCT did not increase the specificity of participants’ descriptions of a past suicidal crisis. Specificity stayed the same in the MBCT group, while the comparison group’s descriptions became more overgeneral. The study therefore does not show that mindfulness training reduced overgeneral memory. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites Hargus et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“It has been found to improve positive affect (Anderson et al., 2007; Bränström et al., 2010), Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source
• Supported

  The Results (Psychological Distress and Well-being; page unavailable) report a significantly greater improvement in positive affect for the MBSR group than for the waiting-list control group (p = 0.006). Table 1 shows positive-affect scores rising from 14.18 to 18.96 in the MBSR group, versus 16.38 to 16.90 in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008 source

In the paper

“Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absent-mindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cash & Whittingham, 2010 source
• Supported

  Baer et al. is cited for the dissociation finding, not for every condition listed in the sentence. The table in “Mindfulness Measures and Other Variables: Convergent and Discriminant Correlations” (p. 6) reports significant negative correlations between dissociation and all five mindfulness measures. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Baer et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“greater gray matter concentration in brain areas that have been found to be active during meditation, including the right anterior insula, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right hippocampus (Hölzel et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Comparison of meditators and non-meditators section reports significantly greater gray matter concentration in meditators’ right hippocampus and right anterior insula. It also reports a significant difference in the left inferior temporal gyrus when the analysis is restricted to the region previously found active during meditation. The Discussion links these regions to meditation. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Hölzel et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“extensive mindfulness meditation experience is associated with increased thickness in brain regions implicated in attention, interoception, and sensory processing, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula (Lazar et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that 20 participants with extensive Insight meditation experience had thicker regions associated with attention, interoception, and sensory processing than matched controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. The Introduction identifies Insight meditation as a practice focused on mindfulness, and the Discussion clarifies that the association is correlational, as the claim states. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Lazar et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“depression (Anderson et al., 2007; Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007; Sephton et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 1998; Speca, Carlson, Goodey, & Angen, 2000)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source
• Supported

  The Methods (page not provided) say the intervention closely followed mindfulness-based stress reduction and that depression was measured with a patient-reported outcome measure. The Results report greater improvement in depression scores in the intervention group than with usual care. The study was conducted in adults with multiple sclerosis. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Grossman et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007 source

In the paper

“whereas levels of depressive symptoms were positively correlated with resting activity in these areas (Way, Creswell, Eisenberger, & Lieberman, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Neural Analyses) report a positive correlation between depressive-symptom scores and activity in a right-amygdala cluster. The Discussion (Resting State Activity) also reports a positive correlation in portions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Resting activity was measured during passive fixation relative to a shape-matching task. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Way et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Trait mindfulness also was negatively correlated with resting activity in the amygdala and in medial prefrontal and parietal brain areas that are associated with self-referential processing”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Neural Analyses) report negative correlations between dispositional mindfulness and activity in both amygdalae, the medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior midline regions in the resting-activity contrast. The Discussion (Resting State Activity) identifies the medial prefrontal and parietal regions as self-referential areas and likewise reports a negative correlation. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Way et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Standard outpatient DBT has been found to be more effective than TAU or another active treatment in reducing frequency and severity of parasuicidal and self harm behavior among individuals with BPD, especially those with a history of parasuicidal behavior”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koons et al., 2001 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991
• Partly supported

  The Participants and Assessments section describes women with BPD and recent and past suicidal or self-injurious behavior. The Suicidal Behaviors section reports fewer suicide attempts and lower medical risk with DBT than with community treatment by experts, but no significant difference in the frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury. This trial did not directly compare DBT with treatment as usual (TAU), so the claim overstates its findings for self-harm frequency and that comparator. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Linehan et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“reducing number of inpatient psychiatric days, emergency visits, and hospitalizations (Koons et al., 2001; Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991; Linehan et al., 2006; Verheul et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koons et al., 2001 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991
• Partly supported

  Table 5 and the Use of Crisis Services section report fewer psychiatric emergency department visits and hospital admissions with DBT than with community treatment by experts. They do not report a comparison of inpatient psychiatric days, and this trial did not compare DBT directly with treatment as usual (TAU). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Linehan et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“satisfaction with life, and quality of life (Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007; Nyklíček, & Kuijpers,2008; Shapiro et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Methods describe an intervention closely following MBSR, and the Results report improved health-related quality of life among patients with MS. The paper does not report an improvement in satisfaction with life as a distinct outcome; its mention of satisfaction concerns participants’ attainment of intervention goals. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Grossman et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (Quality of Life; page not available) report a larger overall quality-of-life increase in the MBSR group than in the waiting-list group. The Methods (Measures; page not available) describe a quality-of-life questionnaire, but the copy does not establish an improvement in satisfaction with life as a distinct outcome. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers,2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“satisfaction with life, and quality of life (Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007; Nyklíček, & Kuijpers,2008; Shapiro et al., 2005)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods describe the intervention as closely following mindfulness-based stress reduction. The Abstract reports that, compared with usual care, it improved nonphysical dimensions of health-related quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis, including at six-month follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Grossman et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
• Supported

  The Results (Quality of Life; page not supplied) report that quality of life increased more in the MBSR group than in the waiting-list control group. The Discussion describes this as an increase in quality of life, while noting that the individual subscale differences were small. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers,2008 source

In the paper

“or prolonged time to relapse (Bondolfi et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Patient characteristics) report significantly longer time to relapse among patients who relapsed: a median of 204 days with MBCT plus treatment as usual versus 69 days with treatment as usual alone. The Discussion likewise concludes that MBCT delayed time to relapse in patients with recurrent depression who were in remission; relapse rates did not significantly differ. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Bondolfi et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“increased activation in brain regions implicated in experiential, present-focused mode of self reference (Farb et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Materials and Methods section identifies the training as an eight-week MBSR program. In the Narrative self-focus results, the trained group showed increased recruitment of right prefrontal, insular and somatosensory regions during experiential focus relative to narrative focus; the Discussion links these regions to present-focused awareness. The claim appropriately describes an association, not a causal effect of training. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Farb et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“There is also preliminary evidence that MBCT is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing depressive symptoms among currently depressed patients (Barnhofer et al., 2009; Hepburn et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that, in this preliminary trial of currently symptomatic patients with chronic depression, depressive symptoms fell in the MBCT group but remained unchanged with TAU alone. The Results section also reports a significant group-by-time difference. MBCT was added to TAU, rather than given instead of it. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Barnhofer et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepburn et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“the effects of DBT were found to last for up to one year on the following outcome measures: number of parasuicidal behaviors, global functioning, social adjustment, and use of crisis services (Linehan et al., 1991; Linehan et al., 2006; Linehan et al., 1999; Linehan, Heard, & Armstrong, 1993; Linehan, Tutek, Heard, & Armstrong, 1994)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Linehan et al., 1991 source
• Partly supported

  The Suicidal Behaviors and Use of Crisis Services sections report DBT outcomes across the treatment and one-year follow-up period, including fewer suicide attempts and less crisis-service use than community treatment by experts. The paper does not report sustained effects on social adjustment or global functioning; it uses a Global Assessment of Functioning score as a baseline matching criterion, not a follow-up outcome. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Linehan et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Linehan et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“reduced activation in brain regions implicated in conceptual processing, cognitive elaboration, and reappraisal (Farb et al., 2010; Ochsner & Gross, 2008)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Method (Participants) identifies the mindfulness-training group as participants scanned after completing MBSR. The Discussion reports that, during sadness provocation, this group showed reduced activation in midline and left-lateralized regions; it describes those regions as involved in conceptual processing and cognitive elaboration typical of reappraisal. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Farb et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ochsner & Gross, 2008 source

In the paper

“a brief mindfulness intervention, relative to a control condition, resulted in reduced emotion regulation difficulties and negative affect in response to an affectively-mixed film clip.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports significantly less negative affect immediately after the affectively mixed film clip in the mindfulness condition than in the control condition. The effect was not significant at recovery; the claim does not attribute a recovery effect to the source. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Erisman and Roemer (2010) source

In the paper

“a brief mindfulness intervention, relative to a control condition, resulted in reduced emotion regulation difficulties and negative affect in response to an affectively-mixed film clip.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section reports that difficulties regulating emotion after the affectively mixed clip were lower in the mindfulness condition only at a near-significant level (p = .07), so the claim overstates that finding as a demonstrated reduction. It does report significantly less negative affect immediately after the clip compared with control. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Erisman and Roemer (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Among experienced meditators, participation in an intensive mindfulness retreat has also been associated with improved alerting (Jha et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods describe retreat participants with prior meditation experience attending an intensive 30-day mindfulness retreat. The Discussion reports that, after training, they detected uncued targets more efficiently and interprets their altered alerting scores as greater attentional readiness, not reduced alertness. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Jha et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“and that increased metacognitive awareness, or decentering, may in turn predict better clinical outcomes such as lower rates of depressive relapses (Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (p. 7) says high posttreatment decentering appears to offer some protection against depression relapse, particularly among patients who recovered with CBT. The paper’s opening summary (p. 1) reports that high decentering together with low cognitive reactivity was associated with the lowest relapse rates over 18 months. The claim’s tentative wording is consistent with those findings. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Fresco et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Preliminary evidence suggests that mindfulness training leads to increases in metacognitive awareness (Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002) and reductions in rumination (Jain et al., 2007; Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004), and that increased metacognitive awareness, or decentering, may in turn predict better clinical outcomes such as lower rates of depressive relapses (Fresco, Segal”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that participants receiving mindfulness-based cognitive therapy showed increased meta-awareness, while those receiving treatment as usual showed no change. The authors describe this as preliminary evidence, matching the claim's qualification. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Hargus et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Using a variety of neuropsychological tasks, experimental studies have shown that mindfulness training is associated with improvements in orienting (Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007) and conflict monitoring (Tang et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Time 2 results report significantly improved orienting in the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) group compared with the control and retreat groups. This supports the cited claim that mindfulness training is associated with improved orienting, specifically for the MBSR course studied. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Jha et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Evans et al., 2008 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craigie et al., 2008 source
• Supported

  The Treatment section says clients were taught mindfulness practices and encouraged to practise them daily. The Discussion describes this small, preliminary trial of acceptance-based behavior therapy for GAD as yielding promising findings, including improvements in GAD outcomes and mindfulness. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Roemer et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Higher levels of self-reported mindfulness are associated with self-reports of greater engagement in valued behaviors and interests (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and of ability to engage in goal-directed behavior when emotionally upset (Baer et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Measures and Predictions (p. 4) says the self-report DERS includes the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state. Results and Discussion (p. 15) reports that four mindfulness facets correlate negatively with overall difficulties in emotion regulation, but it does not report a separate association with the goal-directed-behavior component specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Baer et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miklowitz et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weber et al., 2010 source
• Supported

  The Discussion describes a pilot randomized controlled trial of MBCT that included people with bipolar disorder and reports reduced anxiety in the bipolar group. The Limitations section calls the initial results preliminary but promising enough to warrant further investigation. This supports the citing sentence's characterization of the bipolar-disorder pilot results as promising. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Williams et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“cognitive disorganization (Speca et al., 2000)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Speca et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“regular meditation practice is associated with enhanced cognitive flexibility and attentional functioning (Hodgins & Adair, 2010; Moore & Malinowski, 2009)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hodgins & Adair, 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moore & Malinowski, 2009 source

In the paper

“post-traumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“In two other studies, facets of trait mindfulness were found to mediate the relationship between meditation experience and psychological well-being in combined samples of meditators and non-meditators (Baer et al., 2008; Josefsson, Larsman, Broberg, & Lundh, 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer et al., 2008 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Josefsson et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Overall, these studies found that MBSR reduces self-reported levels of anxiety (Shapiro, Schwartz, & Bonner, 1998; Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro, Schwartz, & Bonner, 1998 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007 source

In the paper

“general psychological distress, including perceived stress (Astin, 1997; Bränström, Kvillemo, Brandberg, & Moskowitz, 2010; Nyklíček, & Kuipers, 2008; Oman, Shapiro, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008; Shapiro, Astin, Bishop, & Cordova, 2005; Speca et al., 2000; Williams, Kolar, Reger, & Pearson, 2001)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Astin, 1997 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström, Kvillemo, Brandberg, & Moskowitz, 2010 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nyklíček, & Kuipers, 2008

In the paper

“rumination (Anderson et al. 2007; Jain et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al. 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jain et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“changes in these variables were linearly associated with extent of meditation practice.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykins & Baer, 2009 source

In the paper

“increased activation in brain areas involved in processing of distracting events and emotions, which include the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, respectively (Hölzel et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hölzel et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“the data were consistent with a model in which trait mindfulness mediates the relationship between extent of meditation practice and several outcome variables, including fear of emotion, rumination, and behavioral self-regulation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykins & Baer, 2009 source

In the paper

“Mindfulness has been theoretically and empirically associated with psychological well-being.”

In the paper

“anger (Anderson et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“There was also a strong inverse association between prefrontal cortex and right amygdala responses among those who scored high on mindfulness, but not among those who scored low on mindfulness”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creswell et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“medical symptoms (Williams et al., 2001)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“and significantly lower levels of psychological symptoms, rumination, thought suppression, fear of emotion, and difficulties with emotion regulation, compared to non-meditators”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykins & Baer, 2009 source

In the paper

“empathy (Shapiro et al., 1998)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“MBCT also has been found to improve a range of symptomatic and psychosocial outcomes among remitted depressed patients, such as residual depressive symptoms and quality of life (Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010; Kuyken et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuyken et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“initial studies found that MBCT reduced relapse rates among patients with three or more episodes of depression, but not among those with two or fewer past episodes (Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ma & Teasdale, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Subsequent studies of MBCT and depression relapse selected only patients with three or more episodes and have replicated the effect of MBCT on reduced relapse rates (Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010; Kuyken et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuyken et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“MBCT also has been found to improve a range of symptomatic and psychosocial outcomes among remitted depressed patients, such as residual depressive symptoms and quality of life (Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010; Kuyken et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Goldfrin & Heeringen, 2010
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuyken et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“bulimia (Safer, Telch, & Agras, 2001)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Safer, Telch, & Agras, 2001 source

In the paper

“initial studies found that MBCT reduced relapse rates among patients with three or more episodes of depression, but not among those with two or fewer past episodes (Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ma & Teasdale, 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“sense of spirituality (Astin, 1997; Shapiro et al., 1998)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Astin, 1997 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 1998 source

In the paper

“increases in left frontal activation, which is indicative of dispositional and state positive affect (Davidson et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“modifications of DBT have been found to be effective in binge eating disorder (Telch, Agras, and Linehan, 2001)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Telch, Agras, and Linehan, 2001 source

In the paper

“Among populations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, ACT was generally found to be superior to no intervention, and as effective as another established treatment in reducing levels of depression, anxiety, and poor mental health outcomes (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Forman, Herbert, Moitra, Yeomans, & Geller, 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003; Zettle & Hayes, 1986; Zettle & Rains, 1989)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bond & Bunce, 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forman, Herbert, Moitra, Yeomans, & Geller, 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“the acceptance group displayed lower heart rate while viewing the film”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofmann (2006) source

In the paper

“Whereas the other two groups showed a decrease in positive emotional response to neutral slides from pre-induction to post-induction, those assigned to the focused breathing condition maintained consistently positive responses to neutral slides.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arch and Craske (2006) source

In the paper

“ACT has been found to be more effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006 source

In the paper

“ACT has been shown to be effective at reducing substance use and dependence among nicotine-dependent (Gifford et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gifford et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“and greater willingness to view negative slides than those in the unfocused attention condition, as indicated by viewing a greater number of additional optional negative slides.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arch and Craske (2006) source

In the paper

“ACT has been found to be more effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006 source

In the paper

“and chronic depression in the elderly (Lynch, Morse, Mendelson & Robins, 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lynch, Morse, Mendelson & Robins, 2003 source

In the paper

“ACT has been found to be more effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006 source

In the paper

“mindfulness instructions resulted in significant decreases in smoking behavior during the next 7 days.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bowen and Marlatt (2009) source

In the paper

“No published studies to date have compared the effects on recovery from dysphoric mood of mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal of distressing stimuli or situations.”

In the paper

“Instructions to practice mindfulness of thoughts and feelings following negative mood induction were found to be more effective than rumination or no instruction in alleviating negative mood states in healthy university students (Broderick, 2005)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broderick, 2005 source

In the paper

“Although there was no immediate effect on urge to smoke”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bowen and Marlatt (2009) source

In the paper

“and reported less negative emotion during the post-film recovery period.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofmann (2006) source

In the paper

“and polysubstance-abusing individuals (Hayes et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hayes et al., 2004

In the paper

“ACT has been found to be more effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006 source

In the paper

“but not in one study of university students (Kuehner, Huffziger, & Liebsch, 2009)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuehner, Huffziger, & Liebsch, 2009 source

In the paper

“The two groups reported similar levels of subjective distress while watching the film”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofmann (2006) source

In the paper

“ACT has been found to be more effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bach & Hayes, 2002 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006 source

In the paper

“previously depressed individuals (Singer & Dobson, 2007)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Singer & Dobson, 2007 source

In the paper

“Among populations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, ACT was generally found to be superior to no intervention, and as effective as another established treatment in reducing levels of depression, anxiety, and poor mental health outcomes (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Forman, Herbert, Moitra, Yeomans, & Geller, 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003; Zettle & Hayes, 1986; Zettle & Rains, 1989)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bond & Bunce, 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forman, Herbert, Moitra, Yeomans, & Geller, 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lappalainen et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Another review (Vettese, Toneatto, Stea, Nguyen, & Wang, 2009) found no consistent relationship between amount of home mindfulness meditation practice and treatment outcomes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vettese, Toneatto, Stea, Nguyen, & Wang, 2009 source

In the paper

“Evidence is mixed with regard to the relative effects of mindfulness and distraction.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Singer & Dobson, 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broderick, 2005 source

In the paper

“Carmody and Baer (2009) examined class contact hours and effect sizes of psychological outcomes reported in published trials of MBSR, and did not find a systematic relationship between the two variables.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody and Baer (2009)

In the paper

“and currently depressed individuals (Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009 source

In the paper

“They also reported lower negative affect than the worry group in response to post-induction negative-valence slides”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arch and Craske (2006) source

In the paper

“there is preliminary evidence indicating the effectiveness of ACT in treating trichotillomania (Woods, Wetterneck, & Flessner, 2006)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Woods, Wetterneck, & Flessner, 2006 source

In the paper

“We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation.”

In the paper

“which suggests that individuals who are mindful may be better able to regulate emotional responses via prefrontal cortical inhibition of the amygdala.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creswell et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation.”

In the paper

“These findings are consistent with the premise that systematic training in mindfulness meditation induces changes in attention, awareness, and emotion, which can be assessed and identified at subjective, behavioral, and neurobiological levels (cf. Treadway & Lazar, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Treadway & Lazar, 2009 source

In the paper

“We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation.”

In the paper

“We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation.”

In the paper

“Taken together, these reviews do not support a dose-response relationship between level of treatment exposure and reported psychological benefits.”

In the paper

“A growing research body supports the efficacy of all four major forms of mindfulness-oriented interventions”

In the paper

“The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source

In the paper

“depressive symptoms (Kuyken et al., 2010; Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, & Bootzin, 2010), and behavioral regulation (Keng, Smoski, Robins, Ekblad, & Brantley, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Keng et al., 2010

In the paper

“The majority of the findings suggest that brief mindfulness training, whether in the form of a short, guided meditation practice or in the form of instructions to adopt an accepting attitude toward internal experiences, can have an immediate positive effect on recovery from dysphoric mood and level of emotional reactivity to aversive stimuli”

In the paper

“Lastly, one study (Carmody & Baer, 2008) demonstrated that changes in FFMQ-assessed mindfulness at least partially mediated the relationships between amount of formal mindfulness practice and changes in psychological well being, perceived stress, and psychological symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmody & Baer, 2008 source

In the paper

“Intervention-associated increases in trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS, the KIMS, the CAMS-R, and/or the FFMQ, have been shown to predict increases in sense of spirituality (Carmody et al., 2008; Greeson et al., in press), self-compassion (Shapiro et al., 2007), and positive states of mind (Bränström et al., 2010), and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody et al., 2008
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Greeson et al., in press
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Collectively, these studies suggest that mindful observation and acceptance of emotional responses may be an effective strategy for reducing subjective anxiety and behavioral avoidance in the face of physiological arousal, among highly anxiety sensitive or emotionally avoidant individuals and patients with panic disorder.”

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody et al., 2008

In the paper

“Intervention-associated increases in trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS, the KIMS, the CAMS-R, and/or the FFMQ, have been shown to predict increases in sense of spirituality (Carmody et al., 2008; Greeson et al., in press), self-compassion (Shapiro et al., 2007), and positive states of mind (Bränström et al., 2010), and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Michalak et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Acceptance instructions led to less intense fear, fewer catastrophic thoughts, and lower behavioral avoidance (indicated both by latency between trials and reported willingness to return for another experimental session) than breathing retraining instructions or no instructions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eifert and Heffner (2003) source

In the paper

“One study has shown that participation in MBSR is associated with significant pre- to post-intervention increases in exposure (Carmody, Baer, Lykins, & Olendzki, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody et al., 2009

In the paper

“Lastly, one study (Carmody & Baer, 2008) demonstrated that changes in FFMQ-assessed mindfulness at least partially mediated the relationships between amount of formal mindfulness practice and changes in psychological well being, perceived stress, and psychological symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmody & Baer, 2008 source

In the paper

“The studies reviewed so far indicate that measures of mindful awareness are related to various indices of psychological health and that mindfulness interventions have a positive impact on psychological health.”

In the paper

“Acceptance instructions led to less intense fear, fewer catastrophic thoughts, and lower behavioral avoidance (indicated both by latency between trials and reported willingness to return for another experimental session) than breathing retraining instructions or no instructions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eifert and Heffner (2003) source

In the paper

“The studies reviewed so far indicate that measures of mindful awareness are related to various indices of psychological health and that mindfulness interventions have a positive impact on psychological health.”

In the paper

“The laboratory studies also suggest that it does not take extensive prior training in mindfulness to experience some immediate benefits of mindfulness training.”

In the paper

“Several studies reported that increases in experiential acceptance mediated the effects of ACT on a range of psychological outcomes, including workplace stress (Bond & Bunce, 2000), smoking cessation (Gifford et al., 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bond & Bunce, 2000 source

In the paper

“The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Preliminary evidence suggests that mindfulness training leads to increases in metacognitive awareness (Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002) and reductions in rumination (Jain et al., 2007; Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004), and that increased metacognitive awareness, or decentering, may in turn predict better clinical outcomes such as lower rates of depressive relapses (Fresco, Segal”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jain et al., 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ramel et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Acceptance instructions led to less intense fear, fewer catastrophic thoughts, and lower behavioral avoidance (indicated both by latency between trials and reported willingness to return for another experimental session) than breathing retraining instructions or no instructions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eifert and Heffner (2003) source

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Using a variety of neuropsychological tasks, experimental studies have shown that mindfulness training is associated with improvements in orienting (Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007) and conflict monitoring (Tang et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tang et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source

In the paper

“The acceptance group reported significantly lower levels of anxiety during the biological challenge than the other two groups and greater willingness to participate in a second challenge.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levitt, Brown, Orsillo, and Barlow (2004) source

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The acceptance group reported significantly lower levels of anxiety during the biological challenge than the other two groups and greater willingness to participate in a second challenge.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levitt, Brown, Orsillo, and Barlow (2004) source

In the paper

“as well as TMS-assessed state mindfulness (Carmody et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody et al., 2008
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lau et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“depressive symptoms (Kuyken et al., 2010; Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, & Bootzin, 2010), and behavioral regulation (Keng, Smoski, Robins, Ekblad, & Brantley, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuyken et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shahar et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Several studies reported that increases in experiential acceptance mediated the effects of ACT on a range of psychological outcomes, including workplace stress (Bond & Bunce, 2000), smoking cessation (Gifford et al., 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gifford et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Lastly, one study (Carmody & Baer, 2008) demonstrated that changes in FFMQ-assessed mindfulness at least partially mediated the relationships between amount of formal mindfulness practice and changes in psychological well being, perceived stress, and psychological symptoms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmody & Baer, 2008 source

In the paper

“The majority of the findings suggest that brief mindfulness training, whether in the form of a short, guided meditation practice or in the form of instructions to adopt an accepting attitude toward internal experiences, can have an immediate positive effect on recovery from dysphoric mood and level of emotional reactivity to aversive stimuli”

In the paper

“Intervention-associated increases in trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS, the KIMS, the CAMS-R, and/or the FFMQ, have been shown to predict increases in sense of spirituality (Carmody et al., 2008; Greeson et al., in press), self-compassion (Shapiro et al., 2007), and positive states of mind (Bränström et al., 2010), and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Several studies reported that increases in experiential acceptance mediated the effects of ACT on a range of psychological outcomes, including workplace stress (Bond & Bunce, 2000), smoking cessation (Gifford et al., 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Forman et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Although a number of self-report inventories have been developed to assess mindfulness, they vary greatly in content and factor structure, reflecting a lack of agreement on the meaning and nature of mindfulness (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007 source

In the paper

“Participation in mindfulness training has also been shown to buffer against decreases in working memory capacity (WMC) during high stress periods, with changes in WMC mediating the relationship between amount of mindfulness practice and reductions in negative affect (Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jha et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zylowska et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“In addition, mindfulness training has been found to lead to self-reported improved behavioral regulation in a nonclinical sample (Robins et al., 2010) and reduced self-discrepancy, which is associated with adaptive self-regulation, among recovered depressed patients with a history of depression and suicidality (Crane et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crane et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“In addition, brief mindfulness training has been shown to reduce memory for negative stimuli (Alberts & Thewissen, in press), a mechanism that may partly underlie the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions on emotion functioning.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Alberts & Thewissen, in press

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer et al., 2005 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kristeller & Hallett, 1999 source

In the paper

“Cordon, Brown, and Gibson (2009) found that participation in MBSR resulted in greater reduction in perceived stress for individuals with an insecure attachment style than for securely attached individuals.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cordon, Brown, and Gibson (2009) source

In the paper

“Little is yet known regarding for whom and under what conditions mindfulness training is most effective, but there is some preliminary evidence to suggest that its effectiveness may vary as a function of individual differences.”

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kim et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“In another study, values clarification was found to mediate partially the relationship between increased mindfulness/ reperceiving and decreased psychological distress in a sample of participants who underwent MBSR (Carmody et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Carmody et al., 2009

In the paper

“MBCT is effective for reducing depressive relapses among remitted depressed patients with a history of three or more depressive episodes, but not among patients with two previous episodes (e.g., Teasdale et al., 2000; Ma & Teasdale, 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ma & Teasdale, 2004 source

In the paper

“One study demonstrated that the factor structure of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory changed within the same group of respondents from just before to just after attending meditation retreats of 3 to 10 days (Buchheld, Grossman, & Wallach, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Buchheld, Grossman, & Wallach, 2001

In the paper

“Despite existing methodological limitations within each body of literature, there is a clear convergence of findings from correlational studies, clinical intervention studies, and laboratory-based, experimental studies of mindfulness—all of which suggest that mindfulness is positively associated with psychological health, and that training in mindfulness may bring about positive psychological”

In the paper

“Another recent study (Shapiro, Brown, Thoresen, & Plante, 2011) showed that trait mindfulness moderated the effects of MBSR.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro, Brown, Thoresen, & Plante, 2011 source

In the paper

“with changes in WMC mediating the relationship between amount of mindfulness practice and reductions in negative affect (Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jha et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Higher levels of self-reported mindfulness are associated with self-reports of greater engagement in valued behaviors and interests (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and of ability to engage in goal-directed behavior when emotionally upset (Baer et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source

In the paper

“Based on an examination of empirical literature across multiple methodologies, this review concludes that mindfulness and its cultivation facilitates adaptive psychological functioning.”

In the paper

“Because mindfulness is a construct that originates in Buddhism, and has only a brief history in Western psychological science, it is unsurprising that there is considerable challenge in defining, operationalizing, and quantifying it (Grossman, 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grossman, 2008 source

In the paper

“In addition, mindfulness training has been found to lead to self-reported improved behavioral regulation in a nonclinical sample (Robins et al., 2010) and reduced self-discrepancy, which is associated with adaptive self-regulation, among recovered depressed patients with a history of depression and suicidality (Crane et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Robins et al., 2010

In the paper

“MBCT is effective for reducing depressive relapses among remitted depressed patients with a history of three or more depressive episodes, but not among patients with two previous episodes (e.g., Teasdale et al., 2000; Ma & Teasdale, 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ma & Teasdale, 2004 source

In the paper

“To make the matter more complicated, there is an inherent paradox in using frequency of attention lapses as an index of mindfulness because the ability to detect such lapses is contingent upon one's overall level of mindfulness (Van Dam, Earlywine, & Borders, 2010; Van Dam, Earleywine, & Danoff-Burg, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Dam et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Dam et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Specifically, compared to controls, participants with higher levels of baseline trait mindfulness demonstrated greater improvements in mindfulness, subjective well-being, empathy, and hope, and larger decreases in perceived stress up to one year post-intervention.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro, Brown, Thoresen, & Plante, 2011 source

In the paper

“Mindfulness-oriented interventions have been shown to improve psychological health in nonclinical populations and effectively treat a range of psychological and psychosomatic conditions.”

In the paper

“Overall, evidence suggests that mindfulness training may affect various subcomponents of attention, and that the specific subsystems affected may depend on the extent of previous meditation experience.”

In the paper

“Overall, evidence suggests that mindfulness training may affect various subcomponents of attention, and that the specific subsystems affected may depend on the extent of previous meditation experience.”

In the paper

“with one study demonstrating an association between intervention-related improvements in sustained attention and reductions in depressive symptoms (Chambers et al., 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chambers et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Mindfulness-oriented interventions have been shown to improve psychological health in nonclinical populations and effectively treat a range of psychological and psychosomatic conditions.”

In the paper

“Specifically, compared to controls, participants with higher levels of baseline trait mindfulness demonstrated greater improvements in mindfulness, subjective well-being, empathy, and hope, and larger decreases in perceived stress up to one year post-intervention.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro, Brown, Thoresen, & Plante, 2011 source

In the paper

“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chadwick et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Despite existing methodological limitations within each body of literature, there is a clear convergence of findings from correlational studies, clinical intervention studies, and laboratory-based, experimental studies of mindfulness—all of which suggest that mindfulness is positively associated with psychological health, and that training in mindfulness may bring about positive psychological”