Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies

“…consider mindfulness to be a one-dimensional construct referring specifically to paying attention to the present-moment experience (e.g., Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, 2009), others argue that qualities such as curiosity, acceptance, and compassion are inherent tomindfulness (Baer &…”

“Finally, values clarification and improved behavioral self-regulation may be two additional avenues through which mindfulness training improves psychological well-being (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Shapiro et al., 2006).”

“Several aspects of attention, each related to different neurobiological substrates, may be distinguished (Posner & Peterson, 1990): orienting (the ability to direct attention towards a set of stimuli and sustain attention on it), alerting (the ability to remain vigilant or receptive towards a wide…”

“Higher levels of self-reported mindfulness are associated with self-reports of greater engagement in valued behaviors and interests (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and of ability to engage in goaldirected behavior when emotionally upset (Baer et al., 2006).”

“…to evaluate the efficacy of ACT in treating a range of mental health outcomes, including those associated with depression, anxiety, impulse control disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse and addiction, and workplace stress (Hayes et al., 2006; Powers, Zum Vorde Sive Vording, & Emmelkamp, 2009).”

“Early studies were reviewed by Baer (2003) and Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, and Walach (2004), but several important studies have since been published.”

“MBSR is a group-based intervention program originally designed as an adjunct treatment for patients with chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn, 1982, 1990).”

“Finally, values clarification and improved behavioral self-regulation may be two additional avenues through which mindfulness training improves psychological well-being (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Shapiro et al., 2006).”

“A second issue concerns limitations in the use of self-report measures of mindfulness, which rely on the assumption that mindfulness is assessable by declarative knowledge (Brown et al., 2007).”

“It is unsurprising that mindfulness instructionswould bemore helpful in recovery from sad mood than rumination, which has been shown to be maladaptive (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”

“MBCT is effective for reducing depressive relapses among remitted depressed patients with a history of three or more depressive episodes, but not among patients with two previous episodes (e.g., Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000).”

“In two other studies, facets of trait mindfulness were found to mediate the relationship between meditation experience and psychological wellbeing in combined samples of meditators and non-meditators (Baer et al., 2008; Josefsson, Larsman, Broberg, & Lundh, 2011).”

“…et al., 2002 91 Fibromyalgia patients 48 0 8 2.5-h sessions WL (40) MBSRNWL: increase in disposition to experience life as manageable and meaningful Davidson et al., 2003 41 Corporate employees 36 29 8 2.5-h sessions, 1 7-h session WL (16) MBSRNWL: increased left-sided anterior activation &…”

“One of the most commonly cited definitions of mindfulness is the awareness that arises through “paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn, 1994, p. 4).”

“* Results were followup from Linehan et al. (1991); ** Modified DBT was delivered i NR= Not Reported; BPD= Borderline Personality Disorder; TAU= Treatment As Usual; BED Therapy with 12-Step; MED = Antidepressant Medication; CTBE = Community Treatment Please cite this article as: Keng, S.-L., et…”

“…substance dependence NR 0 1 Verheul et al., 2003 58 Patients with BPD 35 0 1 Lynch, Morse, Mendelson, & Robins, 2003** 34 Depressed patients 66 15 2 Linehan et al., 2006 101 Patients with BPD 30 0 1 Lynch et al., 2007** 35 Patients with co-morbid depression and personality disorder 61 34 2 Notes.”

“Research has found that mindfulness training leads to increases in self-reported trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS (Anderson et al., 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, Reed, Kristeller, & Merriam, 2008; Michalak, Heidenreich, Meibert, & Schulte, 2008; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007), the CAMS-R (Greeson et al.,…”

“…in brain regions implicated in attention, interoception, and sensory processing, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula (Lazar et al., 2005); increased activation in brain areas involved in processing of distracting events and emotions, which include the rostral…”

“, Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, 2009), others argue that qualities such as curiosity, acceptance, and compassion are inherent tomindfulness (Baer & Sauer, 2009; Feldman et al., 2007; Lau et al., 2006).”

“Using a variety of neuropsychological tasks, experimental studies have shown that mindfulness training is associated with improvements in orienting (Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007) and conflict monitoring (Tang et al., 2007).”

“Among experienced meditators, participation in an intensive mindfulness retreat has also been associated with improved alerting (Jha et al., 2007).”

“Overall, these studies found that MBSR reduces selfreported levels of anxiety (Shapiro, Schwartz, & Bonner, 1998; Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007), depression (Anderson et al., 2007; Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007; Sephton et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 1998; Speca, Carlson, Goode…”

“…Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absentmindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social anxiety (Brown…”

“, 2008), as well as TMS-assessed state mindfulness (Carmody et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2006).”

“MBCT is effective for reducing depressive relapses among remitted depressed patients with a history of three or more depressive episodes, but not among patients with two previous episodes (e.g., Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale et al., 2000).”

“Several researchers (e.g., Chambers et al., 2009; Rosch, 2007) have argued that in order to more fully appreciate the potential contribution of mindfulness in psychological health it is important to gain an understanding of these differences, and specifically, from a Western perspective, how…”

“…2007), general psychological distress, including perceived stress (Astin, 1997; Bränström et al., 2010; Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008; Oman et al., 2008; Shapiro et al., 2005; Speca et al., 2000;Williams et al., 2001), cognitive disorganization (Speca et al., 2000), post-traumatic avoidance symptoms…”

“, 2003), increased activation in brain regions implicated in experiential, present-focused mode of self reference (Farb et al., 2007), and reduced activation in brain regions implicated”

“…that mindfulness training leads to increases in metacognitive awareness (Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002) and reductions in rumination (Jain et al., 2007; Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004), and that increased metacognitive awareness, or decentering, may in turn predict better…”

“Preliminary evidence suggests that mindfulness training leads to increases in metacognitive awareness (Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002) and reductions in rumination (Jain et al.”

“…on a variety of performance-based measures that suggest that regular meditation practice is associated with enhanced cognitive flexibility and attentional functioning (Hodgins & Adair, 2010; Moore & Malinowski, 2009), outcomes that may have important implications for psychological well-being.”

“Increased metacognitive awareness has been hypothesized to lead to reductions in rumination (Teasdale, 1999), a process of repetitive negative thinking that has been considered a risk factor for a number of psychological disorders (Ehring & Watkins, 2008).”

“…and/or the FFMQ, have been shown to predict increases in sense of spirituality (Carmody et al., 2008; Greeson et al., in press), self-compassion (Shapiro et al., 2007), and positive states of mind (Bränström et al., 2010), and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety…”

“…Shapiro et al., 1998), depression (Anderson et al., 2007; Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007; Sephton et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 1998; Speca et al., 2000), anger (Anderson et al., 2007), rumination (Anderson et al., 2007; Jain et al., 2007), general psychological distress, including…”

“, 2003); and in reducing substance use among individuals with co-morbid BDP and substance use disorders (Linehan et al., 1999; Linehan et al., 2002).”

“In a study by Arch and Craske (2006), university students viewed a series of affectively-valenced pictures and rated their emotional responses to them, both before and after one of three sets of recorded instructions to which they were randomly assigned: focused breathing, unfocused attention, or…”

“…Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, Greeson, & Laurenceau, 2007), Toronto Mindfulness Scale-Trait Version (Davis, Lau, & Cairns, 2009), Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (Cardaciotto et al., 2008), and Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick et al., 2008).”

“Among studies that included follow-up assessments, the effects of DBT were found to last for up to one year on the following outcome measures: number of parasuicidal behaviors, global functioning, social adjustment, and use of crisis services (Linehan et al., 1991, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2006).”

“In addition, mindfulness training has been associated with improvements in sustained attention among both novice meditators (Chambers, Lo, & Allen, 2008) and experienced meditators (Valentine & Sweet, 1999), with one study demonstrating an association between intervention-related improvements in sustained attention an…”

“…ACT has been found to bemore effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006).”

“…2008), rumination (Shapiro et al., 2008), cognitive reactivity (Raes et al., 2009), quality of life (Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008), depressive symptoms (Kuyken et al., 2010; Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, & Bootzin, 2010), and behavioral regulation (Keng, Smoski, Robins, Ekblad, & Brantley, 2010).”

“Finally, modifications of DBT have been found to be effective in binge eating disorder (Telch et al., 2001), bulimia (Safer et al.”

“Subsequent studies of MBCT and depression relapse selected only patients with three or more episodes and have replicated the effect of MBCT on reduced relapse rates (Godfrin & van Heeringen, 2010; Kuyken et al., 2008) or prolonged time to relapse (Bondolfi et al.”

“…effective antidotes against common forms of psychological distress – rumination, anxiety, worry, fear, anger, and so on – many of which involve the maladaptive tendencies to avoid, suppress, or over-engage with one's distressing thoughts and emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 1990).”

“…& Linehan, 2001** 44 Patients with BED 50 0 2 Safer, Telch, & Agras, 2001** 31 Individuals with at least one binge/purge episode per week 34 0 2 Linehan et al., 2002 23 Patients with comorbid BPD and substance dependence NR 0 1 Verheul et al., 2003 58 Patients with BPD 35 0 1 Lynch, Morse,…”

“…Individuals with at least one binge/purge episode per week 34 0 2 Linehan et al., 2002 23 Patients with comorbid BPD and substance dependence NR 0 1 Verheul et al., 2003 58 Patients with BPD 35 0 1 Lynch, Morse, Mendelson, & Robins, 2003** 34 Depressed patients 66 15 2 Linehan et al., 2006 101…”

“…substance dependence NR 0 1 Verheul et al., 2003 58 Patients with BPD 35 0 1 Lynch, Morse, Mendelson, & Robins, 2003** 34 Depressed patients 66 15 2 Linehan et al., 2006 101 Patients with BPD 30 0 1 Lynch et al., 2007** 35 Patients with co-morbid depression and personality disorder 61 34 2 Notes.”

“Research has found that mindfulness training leads to increases in self-reported trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS (Anderson et al., 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, Reed, Kristeller, & Merriam, 2008; Michalak, Heidenreich, Meibert, & Schulte, 2008; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007), the CAMS-R (Greeson et al.,…”

“, 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al., 2007).”

“…Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Evans et al., 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008), eating disorders (Baer, Fischer, & Huss, 2005; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999), psychosis (Chadwick, Taylor, & Abba, 2005), and alcohol and substance use problems (Bowen et al., 2006; Witkiewitz et…”

“Beginning in the early 1970s, there was a surge of interest in and research on transcendental meditation, a form of concentrative meditation technique popularized by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Wallace, 1970).”

“Several RCTs, summarized in Table 2, have evaluated the effects of MBCT on relapse prevention and other depression-related out- comes (for recent reviews, see Chiesa & Serretti, 2011; Coelho, Canter, & Ernst, 2007).”

“…anger (Anderson et al., 2007), rumination (Anderson et al., 2007; Jain et al., 2007), general psychological distress, including perceived stress (Astin, 1997; Bränström et al., 2010; Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008; Oman et al., 2008; Shapiro et al., 2005; Speca et al., 2000;Williams et al., 2001),…”

“Several studies reported that increases in experiential acceptance mediated the effects of ACT on a range of psychological outcomes, including workplace stress (Bond & Bunce, 2000), smoking cessation (Gifford et al., 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al., 2007).”

“Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absentmindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al.”

“Carmody and Baer (2009) examined class contact hours and effect sizes of psychological outcomes reported in published trials of MBSR, and did not find a systematic relationship between the two variables.”

“…Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Evans et al., 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008), eating disorders (Baer, Fischer, & Huss, 2005; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999),…”

“…application of mindfulness as a general-purpose, “cure-all” therapeutic technique, and instead advocated for a problem formulation approach in the use of mindfulness techniques for treating psychological conditions (Kocovski, Segal, Battista, & Didonna, 2009; Teasdale, Segal, & Williams, 2003).”

“, 2007); and greater gray matter concentration in brain areas that have been found to be active during meditation, including the right anterior insula, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right hippocampus (Hölzel et al., 2008).”

“, 2005); increased activation in brain areas involved in processing of distracting events and emotions, which include the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, respectively (Hölzel et al., 2007); and greater gray matter concentration in brain areas that have been found to be active durin…”

“…(again, assessed by theMAAS, the KIMS, and/or the FFMQ) statistically mediated the effects of mindfulness interventions on perceived stress (Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008; Shapiro et al., 2008), rumination (Shapiro et al., 2008), cognitive reactivity (Raes et al., 2009), quality of life…”

“In another study, values clarification was found to mediate partially the relationship between increasedmindfulness/reperceiving and decreased psychological distress in a sample of participants who underwent MBSR (Carmody et al., 2009).”

“, 2007), and reduced activation in brain regions implicated in conceptual processing, cognitive elaboration, and reappraisal (Farb et al., 2010; Ochsner & Gross, 2008).”

“, Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006; Brown & Ryan, 2003), community adults (e.g., Brown & Ryan, 2003; Chadwick et al., 2008) and clinical populations (e.”

“Two studies (Hargus et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2000) have shown that mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory, a construct that has been associated with increased severity of depression and suicidality (Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”

“, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008), eating disorders (Baer, Fischer, & Huss, 2005; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999), psychosis (Chadwick, Taylor, & Abba, 2005), and alcohol and substance use problems (Bowen et al., 2006; Witkiewitz et al., 2005).”

“Understanding and quantification of mindfulness Because mindfulness is a construct that originates in Buddhism, and has only a brief history in Western psychological science, it is unsurprising that there is considerable challenge in defining, operationalizing, and quantifying it (Grossman, 2008).”

“, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008), eating disorders (Baer, Fischer, & Huss, 2005; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999), psychosis (Chadwick, Taylor, & Abba, 2005), and alcohol and substance use problems (Bowen et al., 2006; Witkiewitz et al., 2005).”

“Several studies reported that increases in experiential acceptance mediated the effects of ACT on a range of psychological outcomes, including workplace stress (Bond & Bunce, 2000), smoking cessation (Gifford et al., 2004), and functioning difficulties (Forman et al.”

“Among studies that included follow-up assessments, the effects of DBT were found to last for up to one year on the following outcome measures: number of parasuicidal behaviors, global functioning, social adjustment, and use of crisis services (Linehan et al., 1991, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2006).”

“Ortner, Kilner, and Zelazo (2007) used an emotional interference task in which participants categorized tones presented 1 or 4 s following the onset of affective or neutral pictures.”

“Increased metacognitive awareness has been hypothesized to lead to reductions in rumination (Teasdale, 1999), a process of repetitive negative thinking that has been considered a risk factor for a number of psychological disorders (Ehring & Watkins, 2008).”

“…ACT has been found to bemore effective than TAU in improving affective symptoms, social functioning, and symptom reporting, and lowering rehospitalization rates and symptom believability among psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms (Bach & Hayes, 2002; Gaudiano & Herbert, 2006).”

“Researchers have also begun to investigate the application of mindfulness techniques within specific populations and settings, such as children (Bögels, Hoogstad, van Dun, de Schutter, & Restifo, 2008; Lee, Semple, Rosa, & Miller, 2008; Napoli, Krech, & Holley, 2005), adolescent psychiatric outpatients (Biegel, Brown,…”

“…WL (16) MBSRNWL: reduced activation in medial and lateral brain regions, reduced deactivation in insula and other visceral and somasensory areas Grossman et al., 2010 150 Patients with multiple sclerosis 47 21 8 2.5-h sessions, 1 7-h session UC (74) MBSRNUC: increases in health-related quality…”

“Findings of this study were extended by a recent study by Erisman and Roemer (2010), which found that a brief mindfulness intervention, relative to a control condition, resulted in reduced emotion regulation difficulties and negative affect in response to an affectively-mixed film clip.”

“…2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social anxiety (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Dekeyser et al., 2008; Rasmussen & Pidgeon, 2011), difficulties in emotion regulation (Baer et al., 2006), experiential avoidance (Baer et al.,…”

“These findings are consistent with the association of mindfulness with greater self-reported ability to let go of negative thoughts about the self (e.g., Frewen et al., 2008).”

“, 2008), as well as TMS-assessed state mindfulness (Carmody et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2006).”

“Finally, modifications of DBT have been found to be effective in binge eating disorder (Telch et al., 2001), bulimia (Safer et al., 2001), and chronic depression in the elderly (Lynch et al., 2003).”

“Finally, there is preliminary evidence indicating the effectiveness of ACT in treating trichotillomania (Woods et al., 2006).”

“Eifert and Heffner (2003) compared the effects of brief acceptance training, breathing retraining, and no training on responses to CO2 challenge in undergraduates who scored high on a measure of anxiety sensitivity.”

“Instructions to practice mindfulness of thoughts and feelings following negative mood induction were found to be more effective than rumination or no instruction in alleviating negative mood states in healthy university students (Broderick, 2005), previously depressed individuals (Singer & Dobson, 2007), and currently…”

“Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absentmindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination…”

“…sense of cohesion (Weissbecker et al., 2002), mindfulness (Anderson et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 2008; Nyklíček & Kuijpers, 2008), forgiveness (Oman et al., 2008), self compassion (Shapiro et al., 2005), satisfaction with life, and quality of life (Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki et al.,…”

“Trait mindfulness has been associated with higher levels of life satisfaction (Brown & Ryan, 2003), agreeableness (Thompson & Waltz, 2007), conscientiousness (Giluk, 2009; Thompson & Waltz, 2007), vitality (Brown & Ryan, 2003), self esteem (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Rasmussen & Pidgeon, 2011), empathy…”

“Researchers have also begun to investigate the application of mindfulness techniques within specific populations and settings, such as children (Bögels, Hoogstad, van Dun, de Schutter, & Restifo, 2008; Lee, Semple, Rosa, & Miller, 2008; Napoli, Krech, & Holley, 2005), adolescent psychiatric outpatients (Biegel, Brown,…”

“In addition, mindfulness training has been found to lead to self-reported improved behavioral regulation in a nonclinical sample (Robins et al., 2010) and reduced self-discrepancy, which is associated Keng et al.”

“…interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Evans et al., 2008;…”

“…found to be superior to no intervention, and as effective as another established treatment in reducing levels of depression, anxiety, and poormental health outcomes (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Forman et al., 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003; Zettle & Hayes, 1986; Zettle & Rains, 1989).”

“Research has found that mindfulness training leads to increases in self-reported trait mindfulness, assessed by the MAAS (Anderson et al., 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, Reed, Kristeller, & Merriam, 2008; Michalak, Heidenreich, Meibert, & Schulte, 2008; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007), the CAMS-R (Greeson et al.,…”

“, 1998), depression (Anderson et al., 2007; Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007; Sephton et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 1998; Speca et al., 2000), anger (Anderson et al.”

“Bowen and Marlatt (2009) presented college smokers either brief mindfulness instructions or no instructions before and after exposure to a cue designed to elicit urges to smoke.”

“, 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007), and overall psychological distress (Carmody et al.”

“ACT has been delivered in both individual and group settings, with durations varying from one day (e.g., Gregg, Callaghan, Hayes, & Glenn-Lawson, 2007) to 16 weeks (e.g., Hayes et al., 2004).”

“To date, 11 randomized trials of DBT, or adaptations of it, have been conducted (Lynch, Trost, Salsman, & Linehan, 2007; Robins & Chapman, 2004).”

“…1994* 26 Chronically parasuicidal patients with BPD 27 0 1 Linehan et al., 1999 28 Patients with comorbid BPD and substance dependence 30 0 1 Turner, 2000** 24 Patients with BPD 22 21 1 Koons et al., 2001 28 Patients with BPD 35 0 6 Telch, Agras, & Linehan, 2001** 44 Patients with BED 50 0…”

“Lykins and Baer (2009) compared meditators and non-meditators on several indices of psychological well-being.”

“…1997; Bränström et al., 2010; Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008; Oman et al., 2008; Shapiro et al., 2005; Speca et al., 2000;Williams et al., 2001), cognitive disorganization (Speca et al., 2000), post-traumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), and medical symptoms (Williams et al., 2001).”

“Two studies (Hargus et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2000) have shown that mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory, a construct that has been associated with increased severity of depression and suicidality (Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”

“…(Thompson & Waltz, 2007), conscientiousness (Giluk, 2009; Thompson & Waltz, 2007), vitality (Brown & Ryan, 2003), self esteem (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Rasmussen & Pidgeon, 2011), empathy (Dekeyser, Raes, Leijssen, Leysen, & Dewulf, 2008), sense of autonomy (Brown & Ryan, 2003), competence (Brown &…”

“…on a variety of performance-based measures that suggest that regular meditation practice is associated with enhanced cognitive flexibility and attentional functioning (Hodgins & Adair, 2010; Moore & Malinowski, 2009), outcomes that may have important implications for psychological well-being.”

“, 2008) or prolonged time to relapse (Bondolfi et al., 2010).”

“The integration of mindfulness into Western medicine and psychology can be traced back to the growth of Zen Buddhism in America in the 1950s and 1960s, partly through early writings such as Zen in the Art of Archery (Herrigel, 1953), The World of Zen: An East–west Anthology (Ross, 1960), and The Method of Zen (Herrige…”

“Among populations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, ACT was generally found to be superior to no intervention, and as effective as another established treatment in reducing levels of depression, anxiety, and poormental health outcomes (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Forman et al., 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003…”

“Preliminary evidence suggests that mindfulness training leads to increases in metacognitive awareness (Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002) and reductions in rumination (Jain et al.”

“…interventions on perceived stress (Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008; Shapiro et al., 2008), rumination (Shapiro et al., 2008), cognitive reactivity (Raes et al., 2009), quality of life (Nyklíček & Kuipers, 2008), depressive symptoms (Kuyken et al., 2010; Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, &…”

“…al., 2010; Nyklíček & Kuijpers, 2008), sense of spirituality (Astin, 1997; Shapiro et al., 1998), empathy (Shapiro et al., 1998), sense of cohesion (Weissbecker et al., 2002), mindfulness (Anderson et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 2008; Nyklíček & Kuijpers, 2008), forgiveness (Oman et al., 2008),…”

“Lastly, MBCT has been adapted for treatment of bipolar disorder (Williams et al., 2008), social phobia (Piet et al., 2010), and depressive symptoms among individuals with epilepsy (Thompson et al., 2010).”

“…(Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absentmindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social anxiety (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Dekeyser et al., 2008;…”

“…mindfulness to be a one-dimensional construct referring specifically to paying attention to the present-moment experience (e.g., Brown & Ryan, 2003; Carmody, 2009), others argue that qualities such as curiosity, acceptance, and compassion are inherent tomindfulness (Baer & Sauer, 2009; Feldman et…”

“Among populations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, ACT was generally found to be superior to no intervention, and as effective as another established treatment in reducing levels of depression, anxiety, and poormental health outcomes (Bond & Bunce, 2000; Forman et al., 2007; Lappalainen et al., 2007; Zettle, 2003…”

“Lastly, MBCT has been adapted for treatment of bipolar disorder (Williams et al., 2008), social phobia (Piet et al., 2010), and depressive symptoms among individuals with epilepsy (Thompson et al., 2010).”

“…Keng, S.-L., et al., Effects of mindfulness on psy Review (2011), doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006 CBT with Zen philosophy and practice, and has a simultaneous focus on acceptance and behavior change strategies to help patients improve their emotion regulation abilities (Linehan, 1993a; Robins, 2002).”

“Whereas two studies (Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Singer & Dobson, 2007) found that mindfulness and distraction had equivalent effects on recovery from dysphoric mood, one study (Broderick, 2005) found that mindfulness was more effective than distraction and another study (Kuehner et al., 2009) found…”

“…findingsmay result in part from differences in methods used to induce mindfulness across studies (use of mindful self-focus statements on cards in Kuehner et al., 2009 versus audiotaped guided meditation instructions in Broderick, 2005), and/or differences in clinical status of study samples…”

“, 2008; Giluk, 2009), absentmindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al.”

“, 2006), school teachers (Napoli, 2004), elderly and their caregivers (Epstein-Lubow, McBee, Darling, Armey, & Miller, 2011; McBee, 2008; Smith, 2004), prison inmates (Bowen et al.”

“, 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al.”

“…mind (Bränström et al., 2010), and decreases in rumination (Shapiro et al., 2007), trait anxiety (Shapiro et al., 2007), risk of depressive relapse (Michalak et al., 2008), posttraumatic avoidance symptoms (Bränström et al., 2010), perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2010; Shapiro et al., 2007),…”

“, 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Evans et al.”

“006 reduced self-discrepancy, which is associated with adaptive selfregulation, among recovered depressed patients with a history of depression and suicidality (Crane et al., 2008).”

“…Rosa, & Miller, 2008; Napoli, Krech, & Holley, 2005), adolescent psychiatric outpatients (Biegel, Brown, Shapiro, & Schubert, 2009), parents (Altmaier & Maloney, 2007; Bögels et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2006), school teachers (Napoli, 2004), elderly and their caregivers (Epstein-Lubow,…”

“, 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al.”

“Mindfulness, loving kindness and compassion based interventions show considerable promise in alleviating emotional distress and promoting well-being, reflected in decreased negative affect and increased positive affect (Öst, 2008; Keng, Smoski & Robins, 2011; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt & Oh, 2010).”

“Through facilitating awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of moment-to-moment experiences, these mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are assumed to alleviate intense emotional states (Baer, 2003; Keng et al., 2011).”

“Several reviews have highlighted the value of such skills when treating common mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression and have also been associated with improving psychological and physical health.(40) 42 43 In spite of these parallels, considerable uncertainty remains regarding what type, if any, of…”