The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 233 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 29 of the 210 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies
Open accessAbstract
Within the past few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the investigation of mindfulness as a psychological construct and as a form of clinical intervention. This article reviews the empirical literature on the effects of mindfulness on psychological health. We begin with a discussion of the construct of mindfulness, differences between Buddhist and Western psychological conceptualizations of mindfulness, and how mindfulness has been integrated into Western medicine and psychology, before reviewing three areas of empirical research: cross-sectional, correlational research on the associations between mindfulness and various indicators of psychological health; intervention research on the effects of mindfulness-oriented interventions on psychological health; and laboratory-based, experimental research on the immediate effects of mindfulness inductions on emotional and behavioral functioning. We conclude that mindfulness brings about various positive psychological effects, including increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation. The review ends with a discussion on mechanisms of change of mindfulness interventions and suggested directions for future research. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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Claims the paper makes
29 of 210 cited sources checked · 21 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Two studies (Hargus et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2000) have shown that mindfulness training reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory, a construct that has been associated with increased severity of depression and suicidality (Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Mechanisms of Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Hargus et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says MBCT did not increase the specificity of participants’ descriptions of a past suicidal crisis. Specificity stayed the same in the MBCT group, while the comparison group’s descriptions became more overgeneral. The study therefore does not show that mindfulness training reduced overgeneral memory. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams et al., 2000 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“It has been found to improve positive affect (Anderson et al., 2007; Bränström et al., 2010), Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bränström et al., 2010 source
- Supportedcites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008 source
The Results (Psychological Distress and Well-being; page unavailable) report a significantly greater improvement in positive affect for the MBSR group than for the waiting-list control group (p = 0.006). Table 1 shows positive-affect scores rising from 14.18 to 18.96 in the MBSR group, versus 16.38 to 16.90 in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Cash & Whittingham, 2010), neuroticism (Dekeyser et al., 2008; Giluk, 2009), absent-mindedness (Herndon, 2008), dissociation (Baer et al., 2006; Walach et al., 2006), rumination (Raes & Williams, 2010), cognitive reactivity (Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen, & Williams, 2009), social”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cash & Whittingham, 2010 source
- Supportedcites Baer et al., 2006 source
Baer et al. is cited for the dissociation finding, not for every condition listed in the sentence. The table in “Mindfulness Measures and Other Variables: Convergent and Discriminant Correlations” (p. 6) reports significant negative correlations between dissociation and all five mindfulness measures. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“greater gray matter concentration in brain areas that have been found to be active during meditation, including the right anterior insula, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right hippocampus (Hölzel et al., 2008).”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hölzel et al., 2008 source
The Comparison of meditators and non-meditators section reports significantly greater gray matter concentration in meditators’ right hippocampus and right anterior insula. It also reports a significant difference in the left inferior temporal gyrus when the analysis is restricted to the region previously found active during meditation. The Discussion links these regions to meditation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“extensive mindfulness meditation experience is associated with increased thickness in brain regions implicated in attention, interoception, and sensory processing, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula (Lazar et al., 2005)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lazar et al., 2005 source
The Abstract reports that 20 participants with extensive Insight meditation experience had thicker regions associated with attention, interoception, and sensory processing than matched controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. The Introduction identifies Insight meditation as a practice focused on mindfulness, and the Discussion clarifies that the association is correlational, as the claim states. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“depression (Anderson et al., 2007; Grossman et al., 2010; Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007; Sephton et al., 2007; Shapiro et al., 1998; Speca, Carlson, Goodey, & Angen, 2000)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source
- Supportedcites Grossman et al., 2010 source
The Methods (page not provided) say the intervention closely followed mindfulness-based stress reduction and that depression was measured with a patient-reported outcome measure. The Results report greater improvement in depression scores in the intervention group than with usual care. The study was conducted in adults with multiple sclerosis. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“whereas levels of depressive symptoms were positively correlated with resting activity in these areas (Way, Creswell, Eisenberger, & Lieberman, 2010).”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Way et al., 2010 source
The Results (Neural Analyses) report a positive correlation between depressive-symptom scores and activity in a right-amygdala cluster. The Discussion (Resting State Activity) also reports a positive correlation in portions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Resting activity was measured during passive fixation relative to a shape-matching task. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Trait mindfulness also was negatively correlated with resting activity in the amygdala and in medial prefrontal and parietal brain areas that are associated with self-referential processing”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Way et al., 2010 source
The Results (Neural Analyses) report negative correlations between dispositional mindfulness and activity in both amygdalae, the medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior midline regions in the resting-activity contrast. The Discussion (Resting State Activity) identifies the medial prefrontal and parietal regions as self-referential areas and likewise reports a negative correlation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Standard outpatient DBT has been found to be more effective than TAU or another active treatment in reducing frequency and severity of parasuicidal and self harm behavior among individuals with BPD, especially those with a history of parasuicidal behavior”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koons et al., 2001 source
- Not matchedcites Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Linehan et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Participants and Assessments section describes women with BPD and recent and past suicidal or self-injurious behavior. The Suicidal Behaviors section reports fewer suicide attempts and lower medical risk with DBT than with community treatment by experts, but no significant difference in the frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury. This trial did not directly compare DBT with treatment as usual (TAU), so the claim overstates its findings for self-harm frequency and that comparator. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“reducing number of inpatient psychiatric days, emergency visits, and hospitalizations (Koons et al., 2001; Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991; Linehan et al., 2006; Verheul et al., 2003)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koons et al., 2001 source
- Not matchedcites Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Linehan et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 5 and the Use of Crisis Services section report fewer psychiatric emergency department visits and hospital admissions with DBT than with community treatment by experts. They do not report a comparison of inpatient psychiatric days, and this trial did not compare DBT directly with treatment as usual (TAU). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“mindfulness (Anderson et al., 2007; Shapiro, Oman, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008; Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al., 2007 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro, Oman, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008 source
- Supportedcites Nyklíček, & Kuijpers, 2008 source
The Results > Mindfulness section reports that mindfulness scores rose from baseline to post-treatment, with a larger increase in the MBSR group than in the waiting-list control group. This supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Two other studies have also demonstrated an association between mindfulness and enhanced performance on tasks assessing sustained attention (Schmertz, Anderson, & Robins, 2009) and persistence (Evans, Baer, & Segerstrom, 2009).”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Frewen, Evans, Maraj, Dozois, and Partridge (2008) found that, among undergraduate students, mindfulness was related both to a lower frequency of negative automatic thoughts and to an enhanced ability to let go of those thoughts.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frewen et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Creswell, Way, Eisenberger, and Lieberman (2007) found that trait mindfulness was associated with reduced bilateral amygdala activation and greater widespread prefrontal cortical activation during an affect labeling task.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Trait Mindfulness and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creswell et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Meditators reported significantly higher levels of mindfulness, self-compassion and overall sense of well-being”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lykins & Baer, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as well as higher levels of self-reported mindfulness and psychological well-being.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ortner et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A participant's mindfulness meditation experience was significantly associated with reduced interference both from unpleasant pictures (for 1 and 4 second delays) as well as pleasant pictures (for 4 second delay only)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ortner et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“forgiveness (Oman et al., 2008)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oman et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To date, 11 randomized trials of DBT, or adaptations of it, have been conducted (Lynch, Trost, Salsman, & Linehan, 2007; Robins & Chapman, 2004)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and in reducing substance use among individuals with co-morbid BDP and substance use disorders (Linehan et al., 1999; Linehan et al., 2002)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“sense of cohesion (Weissbecker et al., 2002)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weissbecker et al., 2002 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“self compassion (Shapiro et al., 2005)”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Controlled Studies of Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Description of Intervention and Review of Controlled Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shapiro et al., 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in Buddhist teachings, mindfulness more fundamentally has to do with observing one's perception of and reactions toward sensory objects than focusing on features of the sensory objects themselves.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, evidence from correlational research suggests that mindfulness is positively associated with a variety of indicators of psychological health, such as higher levels of positive affect, life satisfaction, vitality, and adaptive emotion regulation, and lower levels of negative affect and psychopathological symptoms.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Western practice generally places less emphasis on non-self and impermanence than traditional Buddhist teachings.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in early Buddhist teachings, mindfulness refers rather specifically to an introspective awareness with regard to one's physical and psychological processes and experiences.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the contextual level, mindfulness in the Buddhist tradition is viewed as one factor of an interconnected system of practices that are necessary for attaining liberation from suffering, the ultimate state or end goal prescribed to spiritual practitioners in the tradition.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation practice may enhance psychological well-being by increasing mindfulness and attenuating reactivity to emotional stimuli by facilitating disengagement of attention from stimuli.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ortner et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the process level, mindfulness, in the context of Buddhism, is to be practiced against the psychological backdrop of reflecting on and contemplating key aspects of the Buddha's teachings, such as impermanence, non-self, and suffering.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is contrast to certain Western conceptualizations of mindfulness, which view mindfulness as a form of awareness that encompasses all forms of objects in one's internal and external experience, including features of external sensory objects like sights and smells.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arguably, Buddhist and Western conceptualizations of mindfulness differ in at least three levels: contextual, process, and content.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Western conceptualization of mindfulness, on the other hand, is generally independent of any specific circumscribed philosophy, ethical code, or system of practices.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also burgeoning evidence from neurobiological and laboratory behavioral research that indicates the potential roles of trait mindfulness and mindfulness meditation practices in reducing reactivity to emotional stimuli and enhancing psychological well-being.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Correlational Research on Mindfulness and Psychological Health > Relationship between Mindfulness Meditation and Psychological Health
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of these studies suggest that training in two key elements of mindfulness practice (focused awareness and acceptance) may reduce emotional reactivity to negative stimuli and increase willingness to remain in contact with them.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Laboratory Research on Immediate Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Laboratory Research on Immediate Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As the authors noted, mindfulness training may alter responses to urges, rather than reducing urges.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Laboratory Research on Immediate Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bowen and Marlatt (2009) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The study found that whereas both strategies reduced self-reported amount of smoking and increased self-efficacy associated with coping with cigarette craving, only those in the mindfulness condition reported significant decreases in negative affect and depressive symptoms and marginal decreases in nicotine dependence.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Laboratory Research on Immediate Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High emotional avoidance participants reported higher anxiety than low emotional avoidance participants in the suppression condition, but not in the observation condition.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Laboratory Research on Immediate Effects of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Feldner, Zvolensky, Eifert, and Spira (2003) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Researchers have reported promising results in pilot trials of mindfulness interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zylowska et al., 2008), bipolar disorder (Miklowitz et al., 2009; Weber et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2008), panic disorder (Kim et al., 2010), generalized anxiety disorder (Evans et al., 2008; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedne”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Areas in Need of Further Research > Other Potential Applications of Mindfulness Interventions
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects ranged from increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, to improved regulation of behavior.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also an increasingly substantial research body pointing to a number of psychological processes that may serve as key mechanisms of effects of mindfulness interventions.”
§ Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Self-report measures of mindfulness rely on the assumption that mindfulness can be assessed through declarative knowledge.
“which rely on the assumption that mindfulness is assessable by declarative knowledge (Brown et al., 2007)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The positive psychological effects of mindfulness interventions are attributable to mindfulness training itself rather than to nonspecific factors.
“Little is yet known regarding for whom and under what conditions mindfulness training is most effective”
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Mindfulness, conceptualized as a trait-like factor that can be increased through formal or informal practices (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004), may be associated with lower levels of mood and anxiety symptomatology and risk factors for these disorders among individuals with asthma (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011).”
From Evaluating the role of mindfulness in terms of asthma-related outcomes and depression and anxiety symptoms among individuals with asthma. (2019) · cites this paper as Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“One of the most extensively studied spiritual pathways is meditation and mindfulness-based practice, which primarily operates through attentional regulation and physiological modulation of stress responses (Schuman-Olivier et al., 2020; Keng et al., 2011).”
From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although studies have consistently demonstrated moderate to strong effect sizes for MBIs in improving symptoms of anxiety, depression, pain, and sleep disturbances, 30,31”
From Nursing Implications of Mindfulness-Informed Interventions for Stroke Survivors and Their Families. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological well-being has a high positive correlation with mindfulness; the latter mainly comprises awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of our moment-wise experience (Keng et al., 2011).”
From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“trait mindfulness has been found to protect against maladaptive behaviors among university students with benefits for psychological health outcomes (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Keng et al., 2011; McConville et al., 2017; Single et al., 2019; Tomlinson et al., 2018).”
From Specific mindfulness traits protect against negative effects of trait anxiety on medical student wellbeing during high-pressure periods (2021) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Another issue is that each type of mindfulness intervention (MBSR, MCBT) includes differing components within the actual teaching of mindfulness practices, and there has been little research as to how each method contributes separately to the effectiveness of treatment (Keng, Robins, and Smoski 2011; Charters 2013).”
From Counselor Self-care and Mindfulness (2017) · cites this paper as Keng, Robins, and Smoski 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research shows that mindfulness can reduce rumination and worry related to difficult experiences and emotions, which can increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety, and increase cognitive and emotional flexibility, improving emotional reactivity and behavioral regulation.22,37–39”
From Mindfulness, Mental Health, and Violence Exposure Among Transgender Female Sex Workers Living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“mindful awareness, the process of approaching emotions nonjudgmentally (for a review, see: Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011)”
From Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with prior research on changes in self-report measures of mindfulness in MBIs (Keng et al., 2011).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Plenty of research has examined mindfulness interventions, which have shown to be effective in contributing to adaptive psychological functioning and reducing negative symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical populations (Keng et al., 2011; Khoury et al., 2015; Spijkerman et al., 2016).”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Generally speaking, a mindful attitude has been shown to have a positive association with various components of mental health, such as better subjective well-being, decreased symptom severity, less cognitive and emotional disruption and enhanced regulation of behavior. 19,20”
From Academic stress, mindfulness-related skills and mental health in international university students. (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness practices have been associated with benefits for coping with stress, anxiety, and depression [23,25,26,27], improving compassion and increasing prosocial (e.g., helping or relationship-promoting) behaviors [28,29,30], bolstering attention and working (e.g., short-term) memory [31,32], improving self-regulatory abilities (e.g., self-control) [33], and supporting physical health [34,35,”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These results are in line with past research on the effects of mindfulness on mental health and well-being (for reviews, see [70,71]), and further documented the effects of such interventions on psychological flexibility.”
From Mindfulness-based programs improve psychological flexibility, mental health, well-being, and time management in academics (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“randomized controlled trials using the mindfulness-based intervention Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) [2] found that MBSR reduced symptoms of psychological distress, such as self-reported anxiety, depression, and stress, and improved self-reported positive affect, self-compassion, and satisfaction with life (for a review, see [3]).”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“randomized controlled trials using the mindfulness-based intervention Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) [2] found that MBSR reduced symptoms of psychological distress, such as self-reported anxiety, depression, and stress, and improved self-reported positive affect, self-compassion, and satisfaction with life (for a review, see [3]).”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“More generally, it is known that mindfulness exerts beneficial effects on psychological health in various contexts and for different disorders [31], for example, by improving emotion regulation [32] and decreasing tendencies of rumination [33], [34], which play an important role in most psychopathologies [35], [36].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MBSR has previously shown to reduce perceived stress and improve symptoms of anxiety and depression in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Keng et al., 2011).”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. (2024) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Current meta-analyses have shown that high-stakes tests are a kind of high-cognitive-demand competition, assessing students' cognitive competencies and ability to cope with anxiety in high-stakes testing situations (Burke, 2010; Keng et al., 2011).”
From The influences of mindfulness on high-stakes mathematics test achievement of middle school students (2023) · cites this paper as Keng et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“randomized controlled trials indicate that mindfulness training can impact a broad range of outcomes, including effects on cognition and affect (e.g., attention, working memory, emotion regulation; for reviews, see Chiesa, Calati, & Serretti, 2011; Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011; Tang, Hölzel, & Posner, 2015)”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness, defined as “paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” ([31], p. 4), has been consistently identified as a protective factor for psychological distress [11, 25, 32].”
From Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“This is proposed to improve attentional control abilities (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011).”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011
In the citing paper
“Focused attention is described in the tradition as the first step in meditation, but Buddhism refers to it as a source of extreme views [39].”
From Unwanted effects: is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), which combines meditation training and stress management practices, has shown efficacy in treating pain, depression, stress and anxiety.(25–29)”
In the citing paper
“with a previous review suggesting a range of benefits of DM on a variety of psychological health outcomes (Keng et al. 2011)”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Keng et al. 2011
Citations
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“Finally, values clarification and improved behavioral self-regulation may be two additional avenues through which mindfulness training improves psychological well-being (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Shapiro et al., 2006).”
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Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
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The attention system of the human brain
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“Higher levels of self-reported mindfulness are associated with self-reports of greater engagement in valued behaviors and interests (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and of ability to engage in goaldirected behavior when emotionally upset (Baer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
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Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577 · cited 4×
“Early studies were reviewed by Baer (2003) and Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, and Walach (2004), but several important studies have since been published.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
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“Mindfulness, loving kindness and compassion based interventions show considerable promise in alleviating emotional distress and promoting well-being, reflected in decreased negative affect and increased positive affect (Öst, 2008; Keng, Smoski & Robins, 2011; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt & Oh, 2010).”
BackgroundSpijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 975
“Through facilitating awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of moment-to-moment experiences, these mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are assumed to alleviate intense emotional states (Baer, 2003; Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919
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“Several reviews have highlighted the value of such skills when treating common mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression and have also been associated with improving psychological and physical health.(40) 42 43 In spite of these parallels, considerable uncertainty remains regarding what type, if any, of…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Mindfulness Meditation: A Meta-Analysis
Eberth, J., & Sedlmeier, P. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x · Cited by 791
“there are a number of narrative review papers (e.g., Chiesa et al. 2011; Ivanovski & Mahli 2007; Keng et al. 2011) that looked at nonclinical populations and found evidence of positive effects of mindfulness meditation on adaptive psychological functioning as well as on the development of attentional abilities and sev…”
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Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review
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“So far, research into DM and health appears to echo that done with mindfulness interventions, with a previous review suggesting a range of benefits of DM on a variety of psychological health outcomes (Keng et al. 2011).”
ResultDecentering and Related Constructs: A Critical Review and Metacognitive Processes Model
Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615594577 · Cited by 539
Review and evaluation of mindfulness-based iPhone apps
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“Mindfulness has grown in popularity in the last two decades, and there is growing evidence for its positive impact on well-being [1,2].”
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“For example, there is considerable work showing that mindfulness on its own promotes mental health (Hofmann et al., 2010; Keng et al., 2011), and —although less documented—this is also true for constructs such as belongingness (McLaren, Gomez, Bailey, & Van Der Horst, 2007; Yalom, 1985) and…”
BackgroundState Mindfulness Scale (SMS): Development and initial validation.
Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034044 · Cited by 561
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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“Mindfulness-based treatment approaches are increasingly recognized as having value in addressing a wide range of dysregulation disorders, including anxiety and depression, and addictions (Bowen et al. 2009; Davis and Hayes 2011; Grossman et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2010; Kabat-Zinn et al. 1992; Keng et al. 2011; Marla…”
BackgroundMindfulness: Top–down or bottom–up emotion regulation strategy?
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“While a positive link between mindfulness and general psychological well-being is well established (Irving et al. 2009; Keng et al. 2011) little is known about whether mindfulness is linked to well-being in the workplace.”
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“that training in mindfulness may bring about positive psychological effects” (Keng et al., 2011).”
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“Thus, the defining characteristics of mindfulness are awareness in the present moment and wide, nonjudgmental attentional breadth (K.W. Brown&Ryan, 2003; Dane, 2011; Keng et al., 2011).”
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Lindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000134 · Cited by 218
“This finding is notable because, although there is ample evidence that mindfulness interventions can reduce negative affect (for reviews, see Keng et al., 2011; Khoury et al., 2013), some questions remain about whether mindfulness programs are more effective than active placebo controlled programs…”
InfluentialChampion, L., Economides, M., & Chandler, C. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209482 · Cited by 225
“While the evidence-base supporting traditional in-person MM training is now substantial [8,50], there is increasing popularity and empirical support for online MM interventions in both clinical and non-clinical settings [16].”
BackgroundSezer, I., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Sacchet, M. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104583 · Cited by 214
“The heterogeneity of these studies is in part due to the ambiguous definition of the construct of mindfulness in the neuroscientific literature (Van Dam et al., 2018), indeed, modern science more broadly has had difficulty precisely defining the concept of mindfulness (Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialGreeson, J. M., Juberg, M. K., Maytan, M., James, K. M., & Rogers, H. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.887571 · Cited by 251
“Mindfulness, the skill of learning to pay attention, without judgment, to one’s present– moment experience, offers a way to improve well-being in diverse populations.(8) Mindfulness meditation training has been shown to reduce stress and improve mood and academic performance in both college and graduate students.”
Sanguinetti, J. L., Hameroff, S. R., Smith, E. E., Sato, T. F., Daft, C. M. W., Tyler, W. J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00052 · Cited by 221
Dispositional mindfulness: A critical review of construct validation research
Rau, H. K., & Williams, P. G. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.035 · Cited by 215
“…conceptual frameworks and operational definitions of mindfulness (e.g., Bishop et al., 2004; Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007), and summarizing empirical associations with mindfulness (Chiesa & Serretti, 2009; Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004; Hofmann et al., 2010; Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGoodman, J. H., Guarino, A., Chenausky, K., Klein, L., Prager, J., Petersen, R., Forget, A., & Freeman, M. (2014) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0402-7 · Cited by 198
“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) offer a promising development for the treatment of anxiety, with numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing anxiety, depression, and stress in clinical and non-clinical populations (for reviews see Chiesa and Serretti 2009, 2011; Fjorback et al. 2011; Gr…”
Cachia, R. L., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0193-8 · Cited by 213
“…groups, particularly with individuals under chronic stress conditions, including chronic disease, burn-out and caring for individuals with chronic conditions (Goodman and Schorling 2012; Grossman et al. 2004; Keng et al. 2011; Lengacher et al. 2012; Minor et al. 2006; Ruiz-Robledillo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundLeyland, A., Rowse, G., & Emerson, L.-M. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000425 · Cited by 206
Raes, F., Griffith, J. W., Van der Gucht, K., & Williams, J. M. G. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0202-1 · Cited by 204
Mental health benefits of outdoor adventures: results from two pilot studies
Mutz, M., & Müller, J. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.009 · Cited by 204
Mindfulness-Based Mobile Applications: Literature Review and Analysis of Current Features
Plaza, I., Demarzo, M., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., & García‐Campayo, J. (2013) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.2733 · Cited by 224
“Mindfulness is significantly related to several indicators of physical and psychological health such as improved immune and autonomic nervous systems, higher levels of positive affect, life satisfaction, vitality, and adaptive emotional regulation, and it has been linked to lower levels of negative affect and psychopa…”
Psychological and neural mechanisms of trait mindfulness in reducing depression vulnerability
Paul, N. A., Stanton, S. J., Greeson, J. M., Smoski, M. J., & Wang, L. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss070 · Cited by 193
Self-citationUnwanted effects: is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey
Cebolla, A., Demarzo, M., Martins, P., Soler, J., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183137 · Cited by 192
Mitchell, J. T., McIntyre, E., English, J. S., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C., & Kollins, S. H. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713513328 · Cited by 193
de Bruin, E. I., Zijlstra, B. J. H., Geurtzen, N., van Zundert, R. M. P., van de Weijer-Bergsma, E., Hartman, E. E., Nieuwesteeg, A. M., Duncan, L. G., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0168-4 · Cited by 192
“…trainings have a positive effect on psychological well-being and quality of life (i.e., Brown and Ryan 2003; Carmody and Baer 2008; Kabat-Zinn 1994; Keng et al. 2011; Segal et al. 2002), the association between meditation and positive feelings and happiness (Hanson and Medius 2009), and the…”
Mindfulness in cultural context
Kirmayer, L. J. (2015) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461515598949 · Cited by 190
Sommers-Spijkerman, M., Austin, J., Bohlmeijer, E., & Pots, W. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28168 · Cited by 179
“In the 1970s, mindfulness was introduced as an intervention to tackle various psychological symptoms, such as stress, depression, and anxiety [1].”
BackgroundPanno, A., Giacomantonio, M., Carrus, G., Maricchiolo, F., Pirchio, S., & Mannetti, L. (2018) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517718887 · Cited by 189
Chi, X., Bo, A., Liu, T., Zhang, P., & Chi, I. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01034 · Cited by 176
Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., Robins, C. J., Ekblad, A. G., & Brantley, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.3.270 · Cited by 184
“For a review of the effects of MBSR on psychological health, see Keng, Smoski, and Robins (2011).”
Self-citationA mixed‐methods systematic review of the effects of mindfulness on nurses
Guillaumie, L., Boiral, O., & Champagne, J. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13176 · Cited by 186
“Moreover, as in previous reviews (Brown & Ryan 2003, Moore & Malinowski 2009, Chiesa et al. 2011, Hölzel et al. 2011, Keng et al. 2011, Hülsheger et al. 2013, Khoury et al. 2013, Goyal et al. 2014), significant effects were observed on awareness, serenity, self-compassion, empathy and discernment…”
BackgroundResultShahar, B., Britton, W. B., Sbarra, D. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.4.402 · Cited by 185
Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0283-5 · Cited by 178
Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., & Dickson, D. A. (2013) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.802237 · Cited by 182
Adjusting to Chronic Health Conditions
Helgeson, V. S., & Zajdel, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044014 · Cited by 191
Mental simulation and meaning in life.
Waytz, A., Hershfield, H. E., & Tamir, D. I. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038322 · Cited by 176
Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy
Hendricks, P. S. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185 · Cited by 188
“Mindfulness meditation, with its emphasis on sustaining attention on the present-moment experience, may be a means to promote absorption (Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBrown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., Roos, C. R., & Pearson, M. R. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0349-4 · Cited by 178
Mapping Mindfulness Facets Onto Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression
Desrosiers, A., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.001 · Cited by 176
“…have argued for a more targeted application of mindfulness techniques based on specific symptoms of depression and anxiety (see review by Keng et al., 2011), little is known about what particular aspects of mindfulness are associated with different types of symptoms, and thus how to…”
BackgroundMind the Gap in Mindfulness Research: A Comparative Account of the Leading Schools of Thought
Hart, R., Ivtzan, I., & Hart, D. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035212 · Cited by 213
“Since its inception, it has been followed by hunderds of studies (Marchand, 2012; Chiesa & Serretti, 2009; Keng et al., 2011; Grossman et al., 2004; Bohlmeijer, Prenger, Taal & Cuipers, 2010), which demonstrate its effectiveness in improving a variety of physical and psychological conditions, and in promoting wellbein…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review
Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317713361 · Cited by 179
“Self-compassion is associated with higher emotional regulation and improved behavioral regulation (Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Routledge Companion to Rural Planning
Scott, M. J., Gallent, N., & Gkartzios, M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315102375 · Cited by 186
Strohmaier, S. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01319-4 · Cited by 163
Mindfulness and self-esteem: A systematic review
Randal, C., Pratt, D., & Bucci, S. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0407-6 · Cited by 202
“Results indicate that increased self-compassion, positive emotions and acceptance may explain improvements following mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), in addition to decreased rumination (Keng et al. 2011).”
InfluentialNeuromodulatory treatments for chronic pain: efficacy and mechanisms
Jensen, M. P., Day, M. A., & Miró, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.12 · Cited by 172
The Neuroscience of Mindfulness: How Mindfulness Alters the Brain and Facilitates Emotion Regulation
Wheeler, M. S., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0742-x · Cited by 168
“Previous reviews with relevance to the current discussion have outlined the effect of mindfulness interventions on psychological health (Keng et al. 2011) and cognitive ability (Chiesa et al. 2011), concluding that mindfulness improves well-being, emotional reactivity, and psychological symptoms…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem
Pepping, C. A., O’Donovan, A., & Davis, P. J. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.807353 · Cited by 192
“In order to move beyond correlational research into the association between mindfulness and positive psychosocial outcomes, several studies have investigated the effects of brief experimental manipulations of mindfulness (e.g. Arch & Craske, 2006; Eifert & Heffner, 2003; Keng et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialHendriks, T., de Jong, J. T. V. M., & Cramer, H. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0334 · Cited by 181
Engagement in Mindfulness Practices by U.S. Adults: Sociodemographic Barriers
Olano, H. A., Kachan, D., Tannenbaum, S. L., Mehta, A., Annane, D., & Lee, D. J. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0269 · Cited by 158
Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Tak, Y. R., & Zundert, R. M. P. V. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9920-9 · Cited by 200
“Various studies have suggested that mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulnessbased stress reduction (MBSR) or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), are related to a decrease in internalizing symptoms and stress in adolescents and adults (for reviews, see Baer 2003; Fjorback et al. 2011; Keng et al. 20…”
BackgroundMindfulness Skills and Emotion Regulation: the Mediating Role of Coping Self-Efficacy
Luberto, C. M., Cotton, S., McLeish, A. C., Mingione, C. J., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0190-6 · Cited by 188
“Although a temporal relationship is implied in mediation analyses (MacKinnon 2008) and extant research suggests that changes in mindfulness precede changes in emotional functioning (Arch and Craske 2006; Erisman and Roemer 2010; Keng et al. 2011), the current study design limits the ability to draw definitive causal c…”
ResultBurke, A., Lam, C. N., Stussman, B. J., & Yang, H. (2017) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1827-8 · Cited by 173
Cognitive effects of MBSR/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes
Lao, S.-A., Kissane, D. W., & Meadows, G. N. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.017 · Cited by 187
Norris, C. J., Creem, D., Hendler, R. A., & Hedy Kober, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00315 · Cited by 180
“, 2011), psychological health (Keng et al., 2011) and even physical health (Grossman et al.”
BackgroundPaller, K. A., Creery, J. D., Florczak, S. M., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M.-M., Reber, P. J., Kiragu, J., Rooks, J., Safron, A., Morhardt, D., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317514545377 · Cited by 150
Banyard, V., Hamby, S. L., & Grych, J. H. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.011 · Cited by 154
“recent study by Lenzi et al. (2015) on school victimization among high school students found that the quantity of assets including self-efficacy, social support and positive family relationships, optimism, emotional regulation) an individual eported (for example having four to nine assets) seemed to create an importan…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effects of Surfing and the Natural Environment on the Well-Being of Combat Veterans
Caddick, N., Smith, B., & Phoenix, C. (2015) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314549477 · Cited by 153
Mindfulness, Basic Psychological Needs Fulfillment, and Well-Being
Chang, J., Huang, C., & Lin, Y.-C. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9551-2 · Cited by 172
Follow your breath: respiratory interoceptive accuracy in experienced meditators
Daubenmier, J., Sze, J., Kerr, C. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Mehling, W. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12057 · Cited by 148
Harker, R., Pidgeon, A. M., Klaassen, F., & King, S. A. (2016) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-162311 · Cited by 152
El Morr, C., Ritvo, P., Ahmad, F., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/18595 · Cited by 145
“Mindfulness-based interventions have been demonstrated to positively impact psychological and physical health [17-19] with multiple meta-analyses demonstrating positive impacts in clinical and nonclinical populations [20-24].”
Stolarski, M., Zajenkowski, M., Jankowski, K. S., & Szymaniak, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109772 · Cited by 165
Metadata
- Authors
- Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keng, Shian-Ling
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1041-1056
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3679190
- OpenAlex
- W1970433269
- Cited by
- 2,687
- References
- 233
- Citations by year
- 2026: 166 · 2025: 274 · 2024: 231 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 228 · 2021: 199 · 2020: 237 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 181 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 167 · 2015: 151 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 12.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH087754)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mental health, mindfulness-based interventions, Buddhist psychology, Western psychology, subjective well-being, psychological symptoms, emotional reactivity, behavioral regulation, mechanisms of change, mindfulness induction
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Humans, Mental Health, Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Meditation, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical
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