Exciting fear in adolescence: does pubertal development alter threat processing?
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Adolescent development encompasses an ostensible paradox in threat processing. Risk taking increases dramatically after the onset of puberty, contributing to a 200% increase in mortality. Yet, pubertal maturation is associated with increased reactivity in threat-avoidance systems. In the first part of this paper we propose a heuristic model of adolescent affective development that may help to reconcile aspects of this paradox, which focuses on hypothesized pubertal increases in the capacity to experience (some) fear-evoking experiences as an exciting thrill. In the second part of this paper, we test key features of this model by examining brain activation to threat cues in a longitudinal study that disentangled pubertal and age effects. Pubertal increases in testosterone predicted increased activation to threat cues, not only in regions associated with threat avoidance (i.e., amygdala), but also regions associated with reward pursuit (i.e., nucleus accumbens). These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that puberty is associated with a maturational shift toward more complex processing of threat cues--which may contribute to adolescent tendencies to explore and enjoy some types of risky experiences.
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Changes in nucleus accumbens reactivity are related to changes in testosterone levels at the onset of puberty.
“A prior longitudinal study showed that changes in NAcc reactivity were related to changes in testosterone levels at the onset of puberty (Spielberg et al., 2014).”
From Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Risk-Taking: A Comprehensive Study of Neural Responses to Rewards, Pubertal Development, and Risk-Taking Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as Spielberg et al., 2014
Physical maturation is accompanied by increased neural plasticity and a heightened motivation to seek out a range of highly arousing, slightly scary, highly rewarding, novel experiences, and increases in sensation seeking make adolescents more likely to find these high-intensity experiences, such as having a first crush or engaging in a first kiss, enjoyable.
“It therefore makes sense that physical maturation is accompanied by increased neural plasticity and a heightened motivation to seek out a range of highly arousing, slightly scary, highly rewarding, novel experiences, and that increases in sensation seeking make adolescents more likely to find these high-intensity experiences, such as having a first crush or engaging in a first kiss, enjoyable (Sp”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as Spielberg et al., 2014
Pubertal increases in testosterone have been associated with changes in neural activation to threat cues in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens.
“Pubertal increases in testosterone have been associated with changes in neural activation to threat cues in the amygdala (associated with threat avoidance) and the nucleus accumbens (associated with reward processing) (Spielberg et al., 2014).”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as Spielberg et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Spielberg, J. M., Olino, T. M., Forbes, E. E., & Dahl, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dahl, Ronald E.
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 86-95
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4227085
- OpenAlex
- W2056278748
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- TUScholarShare (Temple University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH092603)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018910)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- puberty, adolescent development, threat processing, fear, risk-taking, testosterone, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, reward processing, threat cues, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Aging, Amygdala, Anxiety, Avoidance Learning, Child, Cues, Fear, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Puberty, Reward, Risk-Taking, Testosterone, Time Factors, Adolescent Development
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