Cited by 1,191Barrier Structure and Function StudiesDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsNanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery

Blood–brain barrier delivery

Pardridge, William M.·2007·Drug Discovery Today

Abstract

Neuropharmaceutics is the largest potential growth sector of the pharmaceutical industry. However, this growth is blocked by the problem of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Essentially 100% of large-molecule drugs and >98% of small-molecule drugs do not cross the BBB. The BBB can be traversed because there are multiple endogenous transporters within this barrier. Therefore, brain drug development programs of the future need to be re-configured so that drugs are formulated to enable transport into the brain via endogenous BBB transporters.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.10.013

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Transient blood-brain barrier openings allow leakage of plasma proteins into the brain, leading to neurotoxicity, vascular pathology, and chronic neuropathologic changes.

    “Disruption of the BBB, using techniques such as osmotic disruption, biochemical disruption, and ultrasound-mediated disruption, is effective to introduce drugs into the brain; however, these transient BBB openings also allows for the leakage of plasma proteins into the brain, leading to neurotoxicity, vascular pathology, and chronic neuropathologic changes in the brain (1, 7, 11).”
  • Treatment of central nervous system diseases is severely constrained by the blood-brain barrier.

    “The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumors, brain infections, and stroke, is severely constrained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) because it prevents the transfer of most of small-molecule drugs and macromolecules (e.g., peptides, gene drugs, and protein drugs) into the brain (1–6).”
  • Disruption of the blood-brain barrier using osmotic, biochemical, or ultrasound techniques is effective to introduce drugs into the brain.

    “Disruption of the BBB, using techniques such as osmotic disruption, biochemical disruption, and ultrasound-mediated disruption, is effective to introduce drugs into the brain; however, these transient BBB openings also allows for the leakage of plasma proteins into the brain, leading to neurotoxicity, vascular pathology, and chronic neuropathologic changes in the brain (1, 7, 11).”
  • The blood-brain barrier prevents the transfer of most small-molecule drugs and macromolecules into the brain.

    “it prevents the transfer of most of small-molecule drugs and macromolecules (e.g., peptides, gene drugs, and protein drugs) into the brain (1–6).”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pardridge, W. M.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Pardridge, William M.
Venue
Drug Discovery Today
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-01
Volume
12
Issue
1-2
Pages
54-61
ISSN
1359-6446 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1973544766
Cited by
1,191
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 52
FWCI
2.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Drug Discovery Today (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Keywords
blood-brain barrier, neuropharmaceuticals, large molecule drugs, small molecule drugs, drug formulation
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Drug Design, Drug Delivery Systems

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review