Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A Review
Abstract
Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is usually accompanied by alterations of cortical activity and excitability, especially in prefrontal areas. These are reflections of a dysfunction in a distributed cortico-subcortical, bihemispheric network. Therefore it is reasonable to hypothesize that altering this pathological state with techniques of brain stimulation may offer a therapeutic target. Besides repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, tonic stimulation with weak direct currents (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability for hours after the end of stimulation, thus, it is a promising non-invasive therapeutic option. Early studies from the 1960s suggested some efficacy of DC stimulation to reduce symptoms in depression, but mixed results and development of psychotropic drugs resulted in an early abandonment of this technique. In the last years tDCS protocols have been optimized. Application of the newly developed stimulation protocols in patients with major depression has shown promise in few pilot studies. Further studies are needed to identify the optimal parameters of stimulation and the clinical and patient characteristics that may condition response to tDCS.
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Today, neurotech is most often developed or used within clinical sciences and healthcare to monitor and treat chronic illnesses or injuries, including Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, epilepsy, and depression.
“Today, neurotech is most often developed or used within the clinical sciences and healthcare spaces to monitor and treat a gamut of chronic illnesses or injuries spanning neurological and psychological ailments, including Parkinson's disease (deep brain stimulation 16 ), chronic pain (spinal cord stimulation 35 ), epilepsy (neuropace), depression (transcranial direct current stimulation 25 ), and”
From AI and Neurotechnology (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
Transcranial direct current stimulation involves passing a weak, depolarising current through the brain, shifting the resting membrane potential, with anodal stimulation depolarising the soma of pyramidal cells and cathodal stimulation causing hyperpolarisation.
“It involves passing a weak, depolarising current through the brain.This shifts the resting membrane potential, with anodal stimulation depolarising the soma of pyramidal cells, whereas cathodal stimulation results in hyperpolarisation. 2”
From Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as [2]
In depression, the positive effect of tDCS can last for weeks.
“For example, in the case of depression the positive effect of tDCS can last for weeks [51].”
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- Authors
- Nitsche, M. A., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., & Pascual-Leone, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (BR)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nitsche, Michael A.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 219
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-19
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2129346844
- Semantic Scholar
- 298b300094747671e73f61baf9192f59949120ac
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, major depressive disorder, depression treatment, cortical excitability, prefrontal cortex, non-invasive brain stimulation, stimulation protocols, cortico-subcortical networks, stimulation parameters
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Clinical Protocols, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Electrodes, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Treatment Outcome, History, 20th Century, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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