Deep endometriosis: definition, diagnosis, and treatment
Open accessAbstract
Deep endometriosis, defined as adenomyosis externa, mostly presents as a single nodule, larger than 1 cm in diameter, in the vesicouterine fold or close to the lower 20 cm of the bowel. When diagnosed, most nodules are no longer progressive. In >95% of cases, deep endometriosis is associated with very severe pain (in >95%) and is probably a cofactor in infertility. Its prevalence is estimated to be 1% -2%. Deep endometriosis is suspected clinically and can be confirmed by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast enema is useful to evaluate the degree of sigmoid occlusion. Surgery requires expertise to identify smaller nodules in the bowel wall, and difficulty increases with the size of the nodules. Excision is feasible in over 90% of cases often requiring suture of the bowel muscularis or full-thickness defects. Segmental bowel resections are rarely needed except for sigmoid nodules. Deep endometriosis often involves the ureter causing hydronephrosis in some 5% of cases. The latter is associated with 18% ureteral lesions. Deep endometriosis surgery is associated with late complications such as late bowel and ureteral perforations, and recto-vaginal and uretero-vaginal fistulas. Although rare, these complications require expertise in follow-up and laparoscopic management. Pain relief after surgery is excellent and some 50% of women will conceive spontaneously, despite often severe adhesions after surgery. Recurrence of deep endometriosis is rare. In conclusion, defined as adenomyosis externa, deep endometriosis is a rarely a progressive and recurrent disease. The treatment of choice is surgical excision, while bowel resection should be avoided, except for the sigmoid.
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Medical treatment for bowel endometriosis may constitute a therapeutic alternative when established intestinal fibrotic stenosis with severely sub-occlusive symptoms are absent.
“Medical treatment for bowel endometriosis may constitute a therapeutic alternative when established intestinal fibrotic stenosis with severely sub-occlusive symptoms are absent (2,3,6).”
From Medical treatment in the management of deep endometriosis infiltrating the proximal rectum and sigmoid colon: a comprehensive literature review (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion and Preoperative Management sections (page numbers unavailable) discuss when bowel surgery or resection may be appropriate, including the degree of occlusion. Searches for medical and hormonal treatment found no passage saying that medical treatment is an alternative when fibrotic stenosis and severe sub-occlusive symptoms are absent. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Gortázar de las Casas, S., Pascual Miguelañez, I., Spagnolo, E., Álvarez-Gallego, M., López Carrasco, A., Carbonell López, M., & Hernández Gutiérrez, A. (2022) · Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-022-02705-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Etrusco, A., Chiantera, V., Serra, P., Stabile, G., Margioula-Siarkou, C., Della Corte, L., Giampaolino, P., Török, P., Baldini, G. M., Ghezzi, F., et al. (2024) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2024.102524 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maguire, B., DeMaio, A., O'Neill, A., & Clancy, C. (2025) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.70036 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Koninckx, P. R., Ussia, A., Adamyan, L., Wattiez, A., & Donnez, J.
- Affiliations
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Koninckx, Philippe R.
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 564-571
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125291595
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- deep infiltrating endometriosis, bowel endometriosis, sigmoid endometriosis, endometriosis-associated infertility, chronic pelvic pain, intestinal obstruction, hydronephrosis, ureteral endometriosis, surgical excision, bowel resection, postoperative complications, fistula, recurrence, laparoscopic surgery
- MeSH terms
- Endometriosis, Female, Humans, Peritoneum, Postoperative Care, Preoperative Care
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