Real world perspectives on endometriosis disease phenotyping through surgery, omics, health data, and artificial intelligence
Open accessAbstract
Endometriosis is an enigmatic disease whose diagnosis and management are being transformed through innovative surgical, molecular, and computational technologies. Integrating single-cell and other omic disease data with clinical and surgical metadata can identify multiple disease subtypes with translation to novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Herein, we present real-world perspectives on endometriosis and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in informing molecular, epidemiologic, and cell-specific data in the clinical and surgical contexts.
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The cohort's endometriosis stage distribution was: Stage I 9 (3.81%), Stage II 28 (11.86%), Stage III 58 (24.58%), Stage IV 141 (59.75%).
“9 patients (3.81%) were classified as Stage I, 28 (11.86%) as Stage II, 58 (24.58%) as Stage III, and 141 (59.75%) as Stage IV”
From Selective Appendectomy in Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Surgery for Endometriosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Endometriosis staging section (page unavailable) defines Stages I–IV but gives no cohort distribution. Searches for the stated percentages and patient counts found no passage reporting those figures, so the distribution cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Self-citationMarla, S., Mortlock, S., Heinosalo, T., POUTANEN, M. H., Montgomery, G. W., & McKinnon, B. D. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03166-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Houshdaran, S., Chen, J. C., Vallvé-Juanico, J., Balayan, S., Vo, K. C., Smith‐McCune, K., Greenblatt, R. M., Irwin, J. C., & Giudice, L. C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072625 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Marianowski, P., Szymusik, I., Malejczyk, J., Hibner, M., & Wielgoś, M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Computer-Aided Histopathological Characterisation of Endometriosis Lesions
McKinnon, B. D., Nirgianakis, K., Ma, L., Wotzkow, C., Steiner, S., Blank, F., & Mueller, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091519 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emerging bacterial factors for understanding pathogenesis of endometriosis
Muraoka, A., Yokoi, A., & Kajiyama, H. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108739 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Association between Ovarian Endometriomas and Stage of Endometriosis
Seraji, S., Ali, A., Demirel, E., Akerman, M. B., NEZHAT, C. R., & Nezhat, F. R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154530 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma proteomic profiles of pain subtypes in adolescents and young adults with endometriosis
Sasamoto, N., Ngo, L. H., Vitonis, A. F., Dillon, S. T., Sieberg, C. B., Missmer, S. A., Libermann, T. A., & Terry, K. L. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead099 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Colgrave, E. M., Keast, J. R., Healey, M., Rogers, P. A. W., Girling, J. E., & Holdsworth‐Carson, S. J. (2023) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103409 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, G., Kong, J., Fu, X., Liu, F., Huang, H., Hong, L., & Wang, K. (2019) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1080/19396368.2019.1688425 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nezhat, C. R., & Agarwal, S. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.12.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation[Research progress on biomarkers for endometriosis based on lipidomics].
Lin, C., Chen, Z., Wang, C., & Xi, Y. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.12.14 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [11]Burney, R. O. & Giudice, L. C. In Degroot’s Endocrinology (eds. Burney, R. O. et al.) Vol. 18, 2079–2092 (Elesiver, 2022).
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Non-Hormonal Strategies in Endometriosis: Targets with Future Clinical Potential
Ramos‐Niño, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145091 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Graciano-España, M. D. C., Barnhart, K. T., Gonzáléz-Monfort, M., Arenas-Barrero, M., Legro, R. S., Thomas, T. R., Rush, M., Vilella, F., Sánchez, M. F., Simón, C., et al. (2025) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.06.035 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Nexus of Iron, Senescence, and Fibrosis in Endometriosis: A Narrative Review
Patel, R., Kalthur, G., Datta, R., Shah, S., & Dutta, R. (2025) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-025-01999-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adamyan, L. V., Михалева, Л. М., Сереженков, В. А., Tkachev, N. А., Pivazyan, L. G., Кузнецова, М., Mailova, K. S., Stepanyan, A. A., & Полеткина, А. А. (2025) · Russian Journal of Human Reproduction · doi:10.17116/repro20253104126 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Manu, A., Poenaru, E., Duică, F., Stoleru, S., Bauşic, A. I. G., Coroleuca, B.-C., Coroleucă, C. A., Iacob, C. M., & Brătilă, E. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14207256 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
AI-Driven Advances in Women’s Health Diagnostics: Current Applications and Future Directions
Macedonia, C. R. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15233076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
NEZHAT, C. R., Najmi, Z., Monfared, V., Nezhat, A., NEZHAT, C. H., & Nezhat, F. R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15082871 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNezhat, C., Najmi, Z., Mirzaie, M., Harding, Q., Pennington, Z., Amirlatifi, N., Khaloghli, R., Zarroug, D., & Sokol, E. R. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14207277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The staging accounts for both the number and size of endometriotic lesions and their anatomic distribution, including genital and extragenital sites such as the bowel and appendix, providing a more comprehensive assessment of disease extent and severity [17].”
InfluentialSelf-citationKhoyloo, F., NEZHAT, C. R., Najmi, Z., Harding, Q., Zarroug, D., Tsuei, A., & Nezhat, F. R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010377 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSanthamma, B., Chacon, J. A., Deemer, E. M., Stary, D., Hernandez, S. A., Subramani, R., Lakshmanaswamy, R., Nickisch, K. J., Batra, S., & Nair, H. B. B. (2026) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218845 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Endometriomas on routine pelvic ultrasound (US) as an indication for MRI for deep endometriosis (DE)
Jha, P., Huang, C., Choi, H. H., VanBuren, W. M., & Pōder, L. (2025) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-025-05060-1
Luo, R., Liu, M., Zhong, W., Wu, J., Fan, Y., & Liu, M. (2025) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2025.103048
Surgical Endoscopic Diagnosis of Infertility
NEZHAT, C. R., Najmi, Z., Tsuei, A., Mirzaie, M., Rosso, A. D., Harding, Q., Young, S., & Nezhat, A. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21477-6.00560-5
Self-citationPérez-Moraga, R., Bafligil, C., Harden, S. L., García‐Martín, S., Jiménez-Santos, M. J., Tiniakou, I., Ribeiro-Volturo, S., Gies, L., Zaballos, M. T. P., & Molina, C. F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693218
Hidden Burden of Fallopian Tube Endometriosis: Prevalence and Associations with Pelvic Pathology
Nezhat, F. R., Rashidian, P., Seraji, S., Demirel, E., Islam, S., Khullar, P., & NEZHAT, C. R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15031136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Incremental: Embracing Transformative Innovation in Women’s Health
Evans, M. I., Devoe, L. D., Ryan, G. F., Britt, D. W., & Macedonia, C. R. (2026) · Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.3390/reprodmed7010016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Muraoka, A., Yokoi, A., & Kajiyama, H. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01704-5
Physiopathologie de l’endométriose : plus de pistes que d’arrivées
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High-level unsupervised learning: Training the computer to perform Skin cancer surgery from videos
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A Staged Deep Learning Framework for Endometriosis-Aware Pelvic MRI Analysis Using UT-EndoMRI
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- Authors
- Nezhat, C. R., Oskotsky, T. T., Robinson, J. F., Fisher, S. J., Tsuei, A., Liu, B., Irwin, J. C., Gaudilliere, B., Sirota, M., Stevenson, D. K., & Giudice, L. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Center for Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nezhat, Camran R.
- Giudice, Linda C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- npj Women s Health
- Published
- 2025-02-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-8
- ISSN
- 2948-1716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11802455
- OpenAlex
- W4407167810
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- npj Women s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HD P01 106414)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Keywords
- endometriosis, disease phenotyping, endometriosis subtypes, single-cell omics, surgical data, health data, artificial intelligence, endometriosis diagnosis, multidisciplinary collaboration
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