Current trends and future implications in the utilization of ChatGPT in nursing: a rapid review

May combine two claims.

The included studies were published between 2023 and 2024, with 11 (64.7%) in 2023 and 6 (35.3%) in 2024.

“The included studies were published between 2023 and 2024, with the majority, n = 11 (64.7 %) in 2023 and n = 6 (35.3 %) in 2024.”

May combine two claims.

The database search yielded 476 records; after removing 267 duplicates, 209 records were screened by title and abstract; 166 were excluded for irrelevance; 43 underwent full-text screening; 26 were excluded; 17 primary studies were included.

“The database search yielded 476 records. Of these, 267 were removed as duplicates, leaving 209 for title and abstract screening. Subsequently, 166 records were excluded for irrelevance, and 43 underwent full-text screening. Of these, 26 records were excluded for various reasons, resulting in 17 primary studies included in this review”

May combine two claims.

The majority of included studies (13, 76.5%) were from Asian countries, 3 (17.6%) from North America, and 1 (5.9%) from Europe.

“The majority of the studies, n = 13 (76.5 %), were from Asian countries, n = 3 (17.6 %) was from North America, and n = 1 (5.9 %) was from Europe”

May combine two claims.

Of the 17 included studies, 5 (29.4%) were evaluation studies, 3 (17.6%) narrative reviews, 3 (17.6%) cross-sectional studies, 2 (11.8%) descriptive studies, and 1 (5.9%) each were a randomized controlled trial, quasi-experimental study, case study, and qualitative study.

“Of the 17 included studies, 5 (29.4 %) were evaluation studies, 3 (17.6 %) were narrative reviews, 3 (17.6 %) were cross-sectional studies, 2 (11.8 %) were descriptive studies, and 1 (5.9 %) was a randomized controlled trial, quasi-experimental study, case study, and qualitative study, respectively.”

• Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain

  “Of the 17 included studies, n = 5 (29.4 %) were evaluation studies, n = 3 (17.6 %) were narrative reviews, n = 3 (17.6 %) were cross-sectional studies, n = 2 (11.8 %) were descriptive studies, n = 1 (5.9 %) was a randomized controlled trial (RCT), n = 1 (5.9 %) was a quasi-experimental study, n = 1 (5.9 %) was a case study, and n = 1 (5.9 %) was a qualitative study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A hand search of included studies identified no additional articles.

“Although a hand search of the included studies was completed to identify any missed articles, no additional article was identified.”

May combine two claims.

No included study was conducted in a low-income or lower-middle-income country; all were from high-income and upper-middle-income countries.

“According to the World Bank Classification, no study was conducted in a low-income or lower-middle-income country. All the studies were from high-income and upper-middle-income countries”

• cites World Bank, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Of the 17 included studies, 15 (88.2%) focused on nursing education, 1 (5.9%) on nursing practice, and 1 (5.9%) on nursing research.

“Seventeen studies were included: 15 (88.2 %) focused on nursing education and one each on nursing practice and research.”

• Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain

  “Most studies, n = 15 (88.2 %) focused on nursing education, n = 1 (5.9 %) focused on nursing research, and n = 1 (5.9 %) focused on nursing practice.”

May combine two claims.

Of the 17 included studies, 12 (70.6%) were rated moderate and 3 (17.6%) high on methodological quality appraisal.

“Out of the 17 included studies, n = 12 (70.6 %) was rated moderate, n = 3 (17.6 %) high”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While some studies were explicitly clear on the benefits observed from using the ChatGPT application for their studies, others were unclear about the sources as indicated in their studies.

“While some studies were explicitly clear on the benefits observed from using the ChatGPT application for their studies, others were unclear about the sources as indicated in their studies.”

May combine two claims.

These insights varied from study to study, but the authors generally alluded to ChatGPT's benefits to the nursing discipline, with a significant number reported in nursing education.

“These insights varied from study to study, but the authors generally alluded to ChatGPT's benefits to the nursing discipline, with a significant number reported in nursing education.”

May combine two claims.

Most empirical studies concentrated on ChatGPT's role in nursing education, with limited interventions exploring its impact on nursing research and practice.

“Most empirical studies have concentrated on ChatGPT's role in nursing education, with limited interventions exploring its impact on nursing research and practice.”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT application is useful for generating quick nursing care plans, developing and enhancing assessment modalities and providing feedback, and enhancing the structure of academic papers.

“Likewise, Dagcı et al. (2024) also found the ChatGPT application useful for generating quick nursing care plans, developing and enhancing assessment modalities and providing feedback (Chang et al., 2024), and enhancing the structure of academic papers (Cox et al., 2023).”

• cites Dagcı et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Chang et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Cox et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

To nursing educators, ChatGPT can be useful in developing simulation scenarios, which could save them time.

“To nursing educators, ChatGPT can be useful in developing simulation scenarios, which could save them time (Vaughn et al., 2024)”

• cites Vaughn et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The RCT had a high risk of bias as no allocation concealment or blinding was done, with no analysis to correct for likely bias in the study.

“The RCT had a high risk of bias as no allocation concealment or blinding was done, with no analysis to correct for likely bias in the study (Hsu, 2024).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Concerns associated with ChatGPT use include overreliance, response inaccuracies, ethical issues, plagiarism risks, biases, and technological disparities.

“Despite the benefits of using ChatGPT, concerns, including overreliance, response inaccuracies, ethical issues, plagiarism risks, biases, and technological disparities, should be addressed.”

May combine two claims.

Another study in the review reported on the paucity of studies reporting the actual deployment of ChatGPT in the clinical setting, as most were focused on medical education.

“Another study in the review reported on the paucity of studies reporting the actual deployment of ChatGPT in the clinical setting, as most were focused on medical education (Liu et al., 2023).”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT failed the Chinese National Nurse Licensing Examination, National Medical Licensing Examination, and National Pharmacist Licensing Examination.

“it failed the Chinese National Nurse Licensing Examination, National Medical Licensing Examination, and the National Pharmacist Licensing Examination (Zong et al., 2024).”

• cites Zong et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Creating different scenarios to assess ChatGPT's ability to adapt to differences within a context.

“In addition, creating different scenarios to assess ChatGPT's ability to adapt to differences within a context (Quattrini et al., 2024).”

• cites Quattrini et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Within nursing practice, challenges that may exist relate to misdiagnosis, limited medical knowledge, and ethical and legal issues regarding the use of ChatGPT.

“Within nursing practice, challenges that may exist relate to misdiagnosis, limited medical knowledge, and ethical and legal issues regarding the use of ChatGPT (Alanzi, 2023).”

• cites Alanzi, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the literature is limited in providing best practices and recommendations, Liu et al. (2023) and Abujaber et al. (2023) provided some future directions and recommendations on the ChatGPT.

“Although the literature is limited in providing best practices and recommendations, Liu et al. (2023) and Abujaber et al. (2023), in their reviews, provided some future directions and recommendations, respectively, on the ChatGPT (Table 2).”

• cites Liu et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Abujaber et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Although many publications exist on the use of ChatGPT in nursing, much of this published literature is in the form of editorials, commentaries, and essays.

“Although many publications exist on the use of ChatGPT in nursing, much of this published literature is in the form of editorials, commentaries, and essays.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ChatGPT could be useful in various aspects of healthcare, including diagnostic and informational support, personalization of care, decision-making, and documentation.

“Alanzi (2023) reported that ChatGPT could be useful in various aspects of healthcare, including diagnostic and informational support, personalization of care, decision-making, and documentation.”

• cites Alanzi, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One study suggested filling out new forms and updating applications each time ChatGPT provides an answer, as ChatGPT learns from context and previous responses or answers, which may influence the next response provided.

“In the included studies, one study (Kaneda et al., 2023) suggested filling out new forms and updating applications each time ChatGPT provides an answer, as ChatGPT learns from context and previous responses or answers, which may influence the next response provided.”

• cites Kaneda et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

This finding is similar to Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel's (2024) study, in which the majority of countries included in their study were from upper-middle-income countries and above, except for one lower-middle-income country.

“This finding is similar to Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel's (2024) study, in which the majority of countries included in their study were from upper-middle-income countries and above, except for one lower-middle-income country.”

• cites Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Although this review sought to synthesize the empirical literature, the current evidence to support the use of ChatGPT in nursing education, research, and practice remains inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of the studies identified and the small number of empirical literature available.

“Although this review sought to synthesize the empirical literature, the current evidence to support the use of ChatGPT in nursing education, research, and practice remains inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of the studies identified and the small number of empirical literature available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can assist in generating ideas, expanding the scope of scholarly writing, and fostering innovative thinking.

“They also noted that ChatGPT could assist in generating ideas, expanding the scope of scholarly writing, and fostering innovative thinking.”

• cites Tang et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT may improve the employability of nursing students.

“Similarly, Luo et al. (2023) reported that ChatGPT may improve the employability of nursing students.”

• cites Luo et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Other challenges include reporting outdated practices or guidelines or giving broad information or suggestions.

“reporting outdated practices or guidelines or giving broad information or suggestions (Vaughn et al., 2024).”

• cites Vaughn et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT improved students' learning and provided nursing students with various nursing tools and materials alongside real-time reactions and personalized feedback.

“the findings indicated that ChatGPT improved students’ learning and provided nursing students with various nursing tools and materials alongside real-time reactions and personalized feedback.”

• cites Abujaber et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Students might become overly reliant on ChatGPT, hindering critical thinking and problem-solving.

“According to Abujaber et al. (2023), students might become overly reliant on ChatGPT, hindering critical thinking and problem-solving.”

• cites Abujaber et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some authors stated the use of prompt engineering, prompt learning, and direct instruction strategy via prompt to guide the use of the ChatGPT.

“Some authors stated the use of prompt engineering (Taira et al., 2023), prompt learning (Goktas et al., 2024), and direct instruction strategy via prompt (Zong, 2024) to guide the use of the ChatGPT.”

• cites Taira et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Goktas et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Zong, 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can improve remote education for rural and remote students, facilitate global collaboration between nurse academics and students, and integrate blended learning with traditional nursing education.

“Furthermore, Abujaber et al. (2023) affirmed that ChatGPT can improve remote education for rural and remote students, facilitate global collaboration between nurse academics and students, and integrate blended learning with traditional nursing education.”

• cites Abujaber et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Miscalculation and interpretation of laboratory values and limited timeframe of information generated are noted.

“Miscalculation and interpretation of laboratory values and limited timeframe of information generated (Cox et al., 2023) are also noted in these studies.”

• cites Cox et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Other challenges highlighted are the lack of knowledge, use and access to ChatGPT.

“Other challenges highlighted are the lack of knowledge, use and access to ChatGPT (Luo et al., 2023)”

• cites Luo et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The current evidence available on using ChatGPT in nursing education is limited and heterogeneous.

“The current evidence available on using ChatGPT in nursing education is limited and heterogeneous.”

May combine two claims.

Evidence from this rapid review indicates a significant gap in empirical studies exploring the impact of ChatGPT on nursing research, as only one study focused on this area.

“Evidence from this rapid review also indicates a significant gap in empirical studies exploring the impact of ChatGPT on nursing research, as only one study focused on this area (Tang et al., 2023).”

• cites Tang et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is a limited number of studies from low-income and lower-middle-income countries on ChatGPT usage in nursing.

“Additionally, given the limited number of studies from low-income and lower-middle-income countries, future research should aim to explore the usage and implications of ChatGPT in these contexts to ensure equitable access and benefit from AI technologies in nursing globally.”

May combine two claims.

Currently, ChatGPT is predominantly utilized in nursing education, with limited exploration of its potential in clinical practice and scarce empirical research evaluating its use in nursing research.

“Currently, ChatGPT is predominantly utilized in nursing education, with limited exploration of its potential in clinical practice and scarce empirical research evaluating its use in nursing research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rapid review was conducted following the steps outlined by the Cochrane Rapid Review Methods Group.

“A rapid review was conducted following the steps outlined by Cochrane Rapid Review Methods Group (Garritty et al., 2024)”

• cites Garritty et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A data extraction form was created and piloted by two reviewers independently on three articles to enhance consistency.

“A data extraction form was created and piloted to enhance consistency by having two reviewers independently complete the extraction process on three articles. No changes were introduced to the data extraction form.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and titles, followed by full-text screening against predefined criteria, with conflicts resolved by a third reviewer.

“Two reviewers (E. D & O. A) independently screened abstracts and titles, followed by a full-text screening stage against the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conflicts were resolved by involving a third reviewer (M. K).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Risk of bias evaluation was done separately by two reviewers, with one rating and the other verifying decisions and judgments.

“Where applicable, the risk for bias evaluation was done separately by two reviewers (E.D & O.A), with one reviewer rating the risk of bias and the other verifying the decisions and judgments made (Garritty et al., 2024).”

• cites Garritty et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A second reviewer checked extracted information for accuracy and completeness.

“A second reviewer checked the extracted information for accuracy and completeness (Garritty et al., 2024).”

• cites Garritty et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool at the individual outcome measure level.

“The RoB 2 tool, which requires that the risk of bias is always assessed at the individual outcome measure, was used, thereby ensuring a methodological safeguard (Furuya-Kanamori et al., 2021).”

• cites Furuya-Kanamori et al., 2021 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Only studies written in English were included, as the authors only spoke English.

“Only studies written in English were included, as the authors only spoke English.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

No language, publication date, or study design limits were applied to the search.

“No language, publication date, or study design limits were applied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Liu conducted a comprehensive literature review without detailing methodological approaches.

“Liu conducted a comprehensive literature review without detailing methodological approaches”

• cites Liu et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel (2024) found that international cooperation on studies on ChatGPT was weak.

“Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel (2024) also focused their study on education using bibliometric and content analysis methods and searched only two databases revealing that international cooperation on the studies on ChatGPT was weak.”

• cites Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In healthcare, AI chatbots have been used to provide medical assistance and information, answer medical questions and tasks, and perform various medical evaluations without professional training or enforcement.

“In healthcare, these AI chatbots have been used to provide medical assistance and information, answer medical questions and tasks, and perform various medical evaluations without professional training or enforcement (Antaki et al., 2023; Goktas et al., 2024).”

• cites Antaki et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Goktas et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The search used natural language keywords only, derived from two primary concepts (ChatGPT/generative AI and nurse/nurses/nursing), to increase sensitivity and specificity.

“These databases were searched using natural language keywords only; this decision was made to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the search strategy. The search terms were derived from two primary concepts: 1) ChatGPT or generative AI, and 2) nurse, nurses, or nursing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A list of excluded studies with reasons for exclusion was created to enhance rigour and minimize bias.

“To enhance rigour and minimize bias, a list of excluded studies with reasons for exclusion was created (Supplementary file 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shorey et al. (2024) concluded that ChatGPT could advance healthcare innovation and promote diversity in education and research.

“However, they concluded that ChatGPT could advance healthcare innovation and promote diversity in education and research.”

• cites Shorey et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shorey et al. (2024) highlighted limitations in ChatGPT's effectiveness, such as its understanding of specialized medical knowledge and confidentiality risks.

“Shorey et al. (2024) highlighted limitations in ChatGPT's effectiveness, such as its understanding of specialized medical knowledge and confidentiality risks.”

• cites Shorey et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have been utilized in nursing research to provide equity among researchers, especially those from less-resourced countries whose first language is not English, and to reduce editorial costs associated with publications.

“ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have also been utilized in nursing research to provide equity among researchers, especially those from less-resourced countries whose first language is not English, to reduce editorial costs associated with publications, thereby reducing the disparities among researchers (Lyon, 2023).”

• cites Lyon, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The bibliographic databases were searched from inception to February 5, 2024.

“The following bibliographic databases were searched from inception to February 5, 2024: Medline (1946-present) and EMBASE (1974-present) via OVID; CINAHL (1936-present), ERIC (1966-present), and Education Research Complete (1983-present) via EBSCOhost; Scopus (1976-present); Cochrane CENTRAL trials databases (1993-present) via Wiley; and Web of Science - All Databases (inception-present) via Clar”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The methodological quality and risk of assessment were assessed based on the study design and ranked using the appropriate appraisal checklist.

“The methodological quality and risk of assessment were assessed based on the study design and ranked using the appropriate appraisal checklist (Table 1).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hobensack et al. (2024) identified that most literature on LLMs in nursing is descriptive, based on commentaries and editorials, with limited empirical evidence to inform practice, education, and research.

“Similarly, Hobensack et al. (2024) identified that most literature on LLMs in nursing is descriptive, based on commentaries and editorials, with limited empirical evidence to inform practice, education, and research.”

• cites Hobensack et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT has been found to increase collaborative activities, enhance knowledge acquisition, and augment students' individual learning capabilities and clinical reasoning skills.

“For example, ChatGPT has been found to increase collaborative activities, enhance knowledge acquisition, and augment students' individual learning capabilities and clinical reasoning skills (Nalli et al., 2022).”

• cites Nalli et al., 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT has been applied in nursing education, research, and practice.

“ChatGPT has been applied in nursing education, research, and practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ab Razak et al. (2024) noted exponential growth in ChatGPT and chatbot usage in medical and health sciences education.

“Ab Razak et al. (2024) noted exponential growth in ChatGPT and chatbot usage in medical and health sciences education, calling for further research and development.”

• cites Ab Razak et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT and other generative AI tools continue to be utilized in nursing education with promising applications despite concerns including academic dishonesty.

“Despite the legitimacy of such concerns, including academic dishonesty, ChatGPT and other generative AI tools continue to be utilized in nursing education with promising applications (Gunawon, 2023).”

• cites Gunawon, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abujaber used a SWOT framework to assess the potential impact of ChatGPT on nursing education despite not using nursing-focused databases.

“Abujaber used a SWOT framework to assess the potential impact of ChatGPT on nursing education despite not using nursing-focused databases”

• cites Abujaber et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Rapid reviews are a form of evidence synthesis that provides timely information for decision-making about emerging topics or interventions.

“Rapid reviews are a form of evidence synthesis that provides timely information for decision-making about emerging topics or interventions (Garritty et al., 2024).”

• cites Garritty et al., 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT and Bard could simplify patient information and improve its readability.

“Moons and Van Bulck (2024) identified that ChatGPT and Bard could simplify patient information and improve its readability.”

• cites Moons and Van Bulck, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT was launched in November 2022 and can understand and generate natural human language to assist with several tasks.

“Launched in November 2022, this Chatbot can understand and generate natural human language to assist with several tasks (e.g., answer questions, provide information, admit its mistakes, reject inappropriate requests) (Open AI, 2024; Miao and Ahn, 2023).”

• cites Open AI, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Miao and Ahn, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Methodological quality appraisal was completed using tools including SANRA, Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools, and Center for Evidence-Based Management tools.

“Different appraisal tools were used, including the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (Baethge et al., 2019), Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools (Joanna Briggs Institute, n.d.), and Center for Evidence-Based Management tools (Center for Evidence-Based Management, n.d.).”

• cites Baethge et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Joanna Briggs Institute, n.d.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Center for Evidence-Based Management, n.d.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT offers students practical experience in healthcare education while facilitating comprehension of complex concepts without requiring a physical classroom.

“Moreover, ChatGPT offers students practical experience in healthcare education while facilitating comprehension of complex concepts—all without requiring the presence of a physical classroom (Alkhaqani, 2024).”

• cites Alkhaqani, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel focused their study on education using bibliometric and content analysis methods and searched only two databases.

“Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel (2024) also focused their study on education using bibliometric and content analysis methods and searched only two databases”

• cites Yalcinkaya and Cinar Yucel, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sallam (2023) emphasized benefits of ChatGPT in academic writing, including efficient, high-quality text production, improved readability, and accelerated literature reviews, while cautioning about risks like bias and plagiarism.

“A systematic review by Sallam (2023) emphasized the benefits of ChatGPT in academic writing, including efficient, high-quality text production, improved readability, and accelerated literature reviews, while cautioning about risks like bias and plagiarism.”

• cites Sallam, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The search was completed by a health sciences librarian familiar with rapid review methodology.

“A health sciences librarian familiar with rapid review methodology completed a comprehensive systematic search.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT has kept nurses abreast of the most recent research and helped them obtain immediate and individualized responses to various healthcare inquiries.

“Similarly, Odom-Forren (2023) noted that it has kept nurses abreast of the most recent research and helped them obtain immediate and individualized responses to various healthcare inquiries.”

• cites Odom-Forren, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The disparity in research and clinical practice may be attributed to the novelty of ChatGPT and the initial reactions to its use, which are being challenged by educators worldwide.

“The disparity in research and clinical practice may be attributed to the novelty of ChatGPT and the initial reactions to its use, which are being challenged by educators worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Despite that, these studies offer important insights to provide preliminary guidance on the prospects of ChatGPT and its applications in nursing.

“Despite that, these studies offer important insights to provide preliminary guidance on the prospects of ChatGPT and its applications in nursing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The impact of ChatGPT use in nursing practice remains unclear.

“Notably, this study included various health professionals, not only nurses, which suggests that the impact of ChatGPT use in nursing practice remains unclear.”

May combine two claims.

As ChatGPT4 passed the JNNE, ChatGPT could assist clinicians in diagnosis and determining treatment plans.

“In exploring the efficacy of ChatGPT in passing the Japanese National Nursing Examination (JNNE), Kaneda et al. (2023) concluded that as the ChatGPT4 passed the JNNE, the ChatGPT could assist clinicians in diagnosis and determining treatment plans.”

• cites Kaneda et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This review's findings add to the literature on ChatGPT and its applications in nursing.

“This review's findings add to the literature on ChatGPT and its applications in nursing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Chatbots could hinder critical thinking and lead to users copying information without proper attribution.

“In addition, Lyon (2023) affirmed that chatbots could hinder critical thinking and lead to users copying information without proper attribution.”

• cites Lyon, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can support nurse educators in enhancing the learning needs of students and promoting engagement and student assessment.

“In addition, ChatGPT can support nurse educators in enhancing the learning needs of students and promoting engagement and student assessment (O'Connor et al., 2023).”

• cites O'Connor et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Training data leading to bias, ethical issues, technical limitations, and limitations in data collection and analysis are challenges to adopting ChatGPT in medical research.

“The evidence aligns with the study of Alsadhan et al. (2023), which identified training data leading to bias, ethical issues, technical limitations, and limitations in data collection and analysis as challenges to adopting ChatGPT in medical research.”

• cites Alsadhan et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The limited number of studies involving student participants might be due to the design and capabilities of the ChatGPT application, which allows for evaluation without exclusively depending on human input.

“Also, the limited number of studies involving student participants might be due to the design and capabilities of the ChatGPT application, which allows for evaluation without exclusively depending on human input.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT could assist with the writing process, improving efficiency and accuracy and could 'speed up' the dissemination of research and promote the equity of authors.

“Lyon (2023) observed that ChatGPT could assist with the writing process, improving efficiency and accuracy and could”

• cites Lyon, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The study design, being a rapid review, is inherently less extensive than systematic reviews.

“The study design, being a rapid review, is inherently less extensive than systematic reviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT in research can enhance research quality, improve scholarly development and professional skills, enhance critical thinking, and increase student confidence and autonomy.

“Similarly, Dai et al. (2023) noted that ChatGPT in research can enhance research quality, improve scholarly development and professional skills, enhance critical thinking, and increase student confidence and autonomy (Dai et al., 2023).”

• cites Dai et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These barriers may hinder the conduct and dissemination of research on AI tools like ChatGPT in these regions, pointing to the need for more inclusive research efforts that bridge these gaps.

“These barriers may hinder the conduct and dissemination of research on AI tools like ChatGPT in these regions, pointing to the need for more inclusive research efforts that bridge these gaps.”

May combine two claims.

Students have positive perceptions of ChatGPT in education, which drives their interest in using it for their academic work, despite being aware of limitations and challenges.

“Despite students being aware of the limitations and challenges associated with ChatGPT, they have positive perceptions of ChatGPT in education, which drives their interest in using it for their academic work (Das and Madhusudan, 2024).”

• cites Das and Madhusudan, 2024Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The paucity of empirical research does not necessarily indicate a lack of interest or use among nursing researchers; rather, it may reflect the nascent stage of AI integration into research methodologies.

“This paucity of empirical research does not necessarily indicate a lack of interest or use among nursing researchers; rather, it may reflect the nascent stage of AI integration into research methodologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The paucity of studies on ChatGPT usage in nursing practice may stem from several factors.

“The paucity of studies on ChatGPT usage in nursing practice may stem from several factors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This shows the inadequate publications emerging from these countries, which could be related to funding issues, limited collaborations, networking opportunities, infrastructural challenges, resource constraints and educational and skills gaps.

“This shows the inadequate publications emerging from these countries, which could be related to funding issues, limited collaborations, networking opportunities, infrastructural challenges, resource constraints and educational and skills gaps (Akingbade et al., 2023; Sharma et al., 2023).”

• cites Akingbade et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sharma et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The volume of empirical studies available is congruent with the time span since the release of ChatGPT and the fact that most published literature available is not based on primary data collection.

“However, the volume of empirical studies available is congruent with the time span since the release of ChatGPT and the fact that most published literature available is not based on primary data collection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This is the first rapid review which has focused on empirical literature to determine the potential impact of ChatGPT on nursing education, research, and practice.

“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rapid review which has focused on empirical literature to determine the potential impact of ChatGPT on nursing education, research, and practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Concerns about plagiarism have led to ChatGPT being banned from numerous institutions.

“Likewise, Miao and Ahn (2023) noted that concerns about plagiarism have led to ChatGPT being banned from numerous institutions.”

• cites Miao and Ahn, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT improved students' learning process, supported their learning approaches, enhanced their competencies, and contributed to their academic success.

“Similarly, another review by Albadarin et al. (2024) on ChatGPT affirmed thatChatGPT, improved students’ learning process, supported their learning approaches, enhanced their competencies, and contributed to their academic success (Albadarin et al., 2024).”

• cites Albadarin et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of broad search terms may have influenced the identification of relevant literature, specifically in relation to nursing practice and research.

“The use of broad search terms may have influenced the identification of relevant literature, specifically in relation to nursing practice and research.”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT has been utilized in nursing education for academic writing, healthcare simulations, data modeling, and personal development.

“In a systematic review, Gunawan et al. (2024) identified that ChatGPT has been utilized in nursing education for academic writing, healthcare simulations, data modeling, and personal development.”

• cites Gunawan et al., 2024 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

ChatGPT should complement, rather than replace, human writing to preserve critical thinking skills.

“These issues underscore Rusandi et al. (2023) argument that ChatGPT should complement, rather than replace, human writing to preserve critical thinking skills.”

• cites Rusandi et al., 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Researchers can utilize ChatGPT to clarify their research focus and formulate specific questions.

“Furthermore, researchers can utilize ChatGPT to clarify their research focus and formulate specific questions (Eltaybani, 2023).”

• cites Eltaybani, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The rapid evolution of technology often outpaces research and practice integration, resulting in delayed exploration and application in clinical settings.

“First, the rapid evolution of technology often outpaces research and practice integration, resulting in delayed exploration and application in clinical settings (Mumtaz et al., 2023).”

• cites Mumtaz et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors conducted an extensive search in multiple databases and hand-searched the references of included studies to ensure there was no missing literature.

“The authors conducted an extensive search in multiple databases and hand-searched the references of included studies to ensure there was no missing literature.”

May combine two claims.

The findings of this rapid review underscore the increasing significance of ChatGPT in nursing education, research, and practice, while also highlighting several challenges and gaps that must be addressed for its effective integration.

“The findings of this rapid review underscore the increasing significance of ChatGPT in nursing education, research, and practice, while also highlighting several challenges and gaps that must be addressed for its effective integration.”

May combine two claims.

The review may have missed important findings due to excluding non-English papers, and studies published after the initial search, which could have contributed to its findings.

“The review may have missed important findings due to excluding non-English papers, and studies published after the initial search, which could have contributed to its findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The focus on nursing education may reflect a broader trend where foundational knowledge and training are prioritized over practical application.

“Additionally, the focus on nursing education may reflect a broader trend where foundational knowledge and training are prioritized over practical application (Hakim, 2023).”

• cites Hakim, 2023 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The integration of ChatGPT can significantly contribute to advancing the nursing profession.

“Addressing the challenges and ensuring proper use, the integration of ChatGPT can significantly contribute to advancing the nursing profession.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

ChatGPT offers a wide range of benefits.

“However, ChatGPT offers a wide range of benefits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT and other chatbots using LLMs will be available and likely utilized by nursing students and professionals in various contexts, including nursing education, research, and practice, and for various purposes.

“ChatGPT and other chatbots using LLMs will be available and likely utilized by nursing students and professionals in various contexts, including nursing education, research, and practice, and for various purposes.”