Cited by 403Iron Metabolism and DisordersImmune cells in cancerHemoglobin structure and function

Macrophages and Iron Metabolism

Open access
Soares, Miguel P., Hamza, Iqbal·2016·Immunity

Abstract

Iron is a transition metal that due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of molecules is essential to support life. In mammals, iron exists mostly in the form of heme, enclosed within an organic protoporphyrin ring and functioning primarily as a prosthetic group in proteins. Paradoxically, free iron also has the potential to become cytotoxic when electron exchange with oxygen is unrestricted and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. These biological properties demand that iron metabolism is tightly regulated such that iron is available for core biological functions while preventing its cytotoxic effects. Macrophages play a central role in establishing this delicate balance. Here, we review the impact of macrophages on heme-iron metabolism and, reciprocally, how heme-iron modulates macrophage function.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.016

Cites

150 of 150 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Macrophages play a central role in iron metabolism, including heme-iron turnover in senescent red blood cells, hepcidin regulation and lipocalin system.

    “Macrophage plays a central role in iron metabolism, including heme-iron turnover in senescent red blood cells, hepcidin regulation and lipocalin system [68].”

    From Asbestos conceives Fe(II)-dependent mutagenic stromal milieu through ceaseless macrophage ferroptosis and β-catenin induction in mesothelium (2020) · cites this paper as [68]

    The Abstract and “Macrophage regulation of heme-iron homeostasis” section describe macrophages’ central role in iron metabolism and their recycling of iron from senescent red blood cells. “Macrophage heme-iron metabolism and resistance to infection” also links macrophage iron export to LCN2 (lipocalin 2). But it says hepatocytes secrete hepcidin, which then suppresses iron export from macrophages; it does not support macrophages regulating hepcidin itself. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Degradation of Bach1 induces expression of SpiC independently of Nrf2.

    “Second, the degradation of Bach1 induces expression of the transcription factor (an E26 transformation-specific transcription factor of the Spi subfamily) SpiC independently of Nrf2 [116, 211].”
  • Iron in red blood cell hemoglobin is recycled mainly by erythrophagocytic macrophages in the splenic red pulp engulfing and digesting senescent or damaged red blood cells.

    “This is circumvented by the recycling of the Fe contained in the heme groups of Hb inside RBC (14–16), achieved largely via the continuous engulfment and digestion of senescent or damaged RBC by erythrophagocytic macrophages (EM) in the red pulp of the spleen (15) (Figure 1).”

    From Innate Nutritional Immunity (2018) · cites this paper as [15]

  • This recycling extracts heme iron and sends it to bone marrow for erythropoiesis, where iron is inserted into nascent hemoglobin.

    “This process allows for the Fe contained in the heme groups of Hb to be extracted and directed into the bone marrow to support erythropoiesis, where Fe is inserted in the last step of heme biosynthesis and incorporated into nascent Hb (15) (Figure 1).”

    From Innate Nutritional Immunity (2018) · cites this paper as [15]

  • Pathogen sensing through PRRs also promotes innate immune resistance mechanisms that withhold heme-iron from pathogens.

    “In addition, pathogen sensing via PRRs promotes resistance mechanisms in innate immune cells, which withhold heme-Fe from pathogens (15) (Figure 3).”

    From Innate Nutritional Immunity (2018) · cites this paper as [15]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 152 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Soares, M. P., & Hamza, I.
Affiliations
  • Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (PT)
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Corresponding author
Soares, Miguel P.
Venue
Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-03
Volume
44
Issue
3
Pages
492-504
ISSN
1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2298261633
Cited by
401
References
152
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI067979, R41AI113998)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK085035, R01DK074797)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES025661, R33ES025661)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hemoglobin structure and function
Keywords
macrophages, iron metabolism, heme iron, reactive oxygen species, iron regulation, macrophage function
MeSH terms
Animals, Heme, Humans, Iron, Macrophages, Protoporphyrins, Reactive Oxygen Species

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review