Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects

Bok, Karin; Sitar, Sandra; Graham, Barney S.; Mascola, John R.

doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017

Cited by 254SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchLegal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 ChallengesVaccine Coverage and Hesitancy

Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects

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Bok, Karin, Sitar, Sandra, Graham, Barney S., Mascola, John R.·2021·Immunity

DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017PMC PMC8328682

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Abstract

The development of effective vaccines to combat infectious diseases is a complex multi-year and multi-stakeholder process. To accelerate the development of vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel pathogen emerging in late 2019 and spreading globally by early 2020, the United States government (USG) mounted an operation bridging public and private sector expertise and infrastructure. The success of the endeavor can be seen in the rapid advanced development of multiple vaccine candidates, with several demonstrating efficacy and now being administered around the globe. Here, we review the milestones enabling the USG-led effort, the methods utilized, and ensuing outcomes. We discuss the current status of COVID-19 vaccine development and provide a perspective for how partnership and preparedness can be better utilized in response to future public-health pandemic emergencies.

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mRNA vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines because of their high potency, low manufacturing cost, and short preparation period.
“mRNA vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines because of their high potency, low manufacturing cost, and short preparation period (Bok et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021).”
From A novel Toxoplasma gondii TGGT1_316290 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits protective immune response against toxoplasmosis in mice (2023) · cites this paper as Bok et al., 2021
In “Advances in vaccine platform technologies” (page not provided), the paper says mRNA vaccines can be designed and produced rapidly and that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines induced effective immunity. It does not say mRNA vaccines have low manufacturing costs; that section attributes relatively low cost to recombinant protein vaccines instead. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Self-citation
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AstraZeneca Development of COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222 expands into US Phase III clinical trial across all adult age groups 2020 https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/development-of-covid-19-vaccine-azd1222-expands-into-us-phase-iii-clinical-trial-across-all-adult-age-groups.html
AstraZeneca AZD1222 US Phase III primary analysis confirms safety and efficacy 2021 https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/azd1222-us-phase-iii-primary-analysis-confirms-safety-and-efficacy.html
Barouch D.H. Stephenson K. Sadoff J. Yu J. Chang A. Gebre M. McMahan K. Liu J. Chandrashekar A. Patel S. Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Following Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination for COVID-19 medRxiv 2021 10.1101/2021.07.05.21259918 PMC8314733 34260834 · DOI
JHU COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University 2021 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html PMC9432867 36057267
Pfizer PFIZER AND BIONTECH CHOOSE LEAD MRNA VACCINE CANDIDATE AGAINST COVID-19 AND COMMENCE PIVOTAL PHASE 2/3 GLOBAL STUDY 2020 https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-choose-lead-mrna-vaccine-candidate-0
Pfizer PFIZER AND BIONTECH CONCLUDE PHASE 3 STUDY OF COVID-19 VACCINE CANDIDATE, MEETING ALL PRIMARY EFFICACY ENDPOINTS 2020 https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine
Sanofi Sanofi and GSK initiate global Phase 3 clinical efficacy study of COVID-19 vaccine candidate 2021 https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2021/2021-05-27-07-30-00-2236989#:∼:text=The%20Phase%203%20study%20follows,95%20to%20100%25%20seroconversion%20rates
Walsh E.E. Frenck R.W. Jr. Falsey A.R. Kitchin N. Absalon J. Gurtman A. Lockhart S. Neuzil K. Mulligan M.J. Bailey R. Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates N. Engl. J. Med. 383 2020 2439 2450 33053279 PMC7583697

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Authors: Bok, K., Sitar, S., Graham, B. S., & Mascola, J. R.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Mascola, John R.
ORCID: Graham, Barney S.
Mascola, John R.
Venue: Immunity
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-08
Volume: 54
Issue: 8
Pages: 1636-1651
ISSN: 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017
PMC: PMC8328682
OpenAlex: W3187496430
Cited by: 254
References: 149
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 12
FWCI: 6.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (63/140,250, PCT/US2021/017709, WO/2018/081318)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine development, SARS-CoV-2, public-private partnerships, vaccine candidate, pandemic preparedness, public health emergencies, vaccine efficacy
MeSH terms: Vaccination Coverage, Vaccinology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Biotechnology, Humans, Models, Molecular, Research, United States, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Bioengineering, Public Health Surveillance

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Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects

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