Cited by 296Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionWorkplace Violence and BullyingHate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection

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Defining and Measuring Cyberbullying Within the Larger Context of Bullying Victimization

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Ybarra, Michele L., Boyd, Danah, Korchmaros, Josephine D., Oppenheim, Jay (Koby)·2012·Journal of Adolescent Health

DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031PMC PMC3383604

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Abstract

Purpose To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6-17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results Measures that use the word "bully" result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word "bully" are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word "bully" results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of "bullying." Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word "bully" appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word "bully" when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.

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Authors: Ybarra, M. L., Boyd, D., Korchmaros, J. D., & Oppenheim, J. (.
Affiliations: Center for Innovative Public Health Research (US)
Microsoft (United States) (US)
The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
ORCID: Ybarra, Michele L.
Boyd, Danah
Korchmaros, Josephine D.
Venue: Journal of Adolescent Health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-07
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 53-58
ISSN: 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031
PMC: PMC3383604
OpenAlex: W2021243193
Cited by: 296
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 45.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD057191)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
Keywords: cyberbullying, bullying victimization, bullying measurement, definition of bullying, prevalence rates, misclassification, repetition, text messaging, adolescents, school bullying
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Male, Terminology as Topic, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence, Crime Victims, Internet, Bullying

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Defining and Measuring Cyberbullying Within the Larger Context of Bullying Victimization

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