The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Alberts, Nicole M.; Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D.; Jones, Shannon L.; Sharpe, Donald

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.009

Cited by 267Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Alberts, Nicole M., Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D., Jones, Shannon L., Sharpe, Donald·2013·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.009

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Abstract

Introduction The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) measures health anxiety in medical and non-medical contexts.Objective To review the literature pertaining to the psychometric properties of the SHAI in non-clinical, clinical, and medical samples. Meta-analysis was also conducted to examine the strength of associations between the SHAI and other constructs.Methods Direct search of digital databases for papers that cited the original SHAI publication.Results Seventy-eight papers were identified, with 42 providing relevant information. The SHAI has acceptable Cronbach's alpha scores, strong construct validity, and is sensitive to treatment. Discrepancies have been observed between the findings of factor analytic studies, largely as a result of varying methods used. Overall, there appears to be greatest support for the original two factors, with one factor assessing health anxiety and one factor assessing negative consequences of illness. As expected, individuals with hypochondriasis score higher as compared to non-clinical samples. The strongest association was observed between the SHAI and other measures of health anxiety, followed by measures related to health anxiety vulnerability, and then general anxiety and worry.Conclusions The SHAI is a psychometrically sound tool for assessing health anxiety across samples. Future studies are needed, however, to assess test-retest reliability, incremental validity, and cut-off scores as well as use of the SHAI among diverse samples.

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Shortened versions of the Health Anxiety Inventory and Whitley Index 6 have been developed and widely used in clinical settings due to their practicality and brief nature.
“A shortened version of the Health Anxiety Inventory [66] and Whitley Index 6 [68] have been developed and widely used in clinical settings due to their practicality and brief nature [69, 70].”
From Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [69]
The SHAI has shown high reliability, criterion validity, and sensitivity to treatment.
“The SHAI is composed of 18 items on a categorical four-point scale from 1 to 4 (scale range 18–72) [33] and has shown high reliability, criterion validity, and sensitivity to treatment [34].”
From Cost Effectiveness of Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Patients with Severe Health Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
The SHAI has shown sound psychometric properties including good reliability and validity in clinical and non-clinical populations.
“The SHAI has shown sound psychometric properties including good reliability and validity in clinical and non-clinical populations (Salkovskis et al., 2002; Abramowitz et al., 2007; Alberts et al., 2013).”
From Health Anxiety and Mental Health Outcome During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility (2020) · cites this paper as Alberts et al., 2013
A cut-off score of 18 on the SHAI indicates a moderate level of trait health anxiety, and a score of 27 indicates a higher probability of meeting DSM-IV criteria for hypochondriasis.
“A cut-off score of 18 has been commonly used to indicate a moderate level of trait health anxiety, while a score of 27 indicates a higher probability of meeting DSM-IV criteria for hypochondriasis (Alberts et al., 2013).”
From Health Anxiety and Mental Health Outcome During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility (2020) · cites this paper as Alberts et al., 2013
The SHAI has demonstrated high reliability, criterion validity, and sensitivity to treatment.
“The SHAI has demonstrated high reliability, criterion validity, and sensitivity to treatment (Alberts, Hadjistavropoulos, Jones, & Sharpe, 2013).”
From Efficacy of internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for severe health anxiety: results from a randomized, controlled trial. (2021) · cites this paper as Alberts et al., 2013

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Illness anxiety disorder and perception of disease and distress among medical students in western Saudi Arabia
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Authors: Alberts, N. M., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Jones, S. L., & Sharpe, D.
Affiliations: University of Regina (CA)
Corresponding author: Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D.
ORCID: Alberts, Nicole M.
Hadjistavropoulos, Heather D.
Jones, Shannon L.
Sharpe, Donald
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 68-78
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.009
OpenAlex: W1971027823
Cited by: 267
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6
FWCI: 1.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Short Health Anxiety Inventory, health anxiety, psychometric properties, construct validity, factor structure, general anxiety, worry, medical anxiety, non-clinical sample
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results

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The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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