The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 2 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders
Open accessAbstract
The current cross-sectional study examined psychological inflexibility, a process in which behavior is rigidly guided by psychological reactions rather than direct contingencies or personal values, as a transdiagnostic process relevant to a range of depressive, anxiety, substance use and eating disorders. A sample of 972 first-year college students between 17 and 20 years of age completed self-report measures of psychological inflexibility and psychological distress as well as a structured diagnostic interview. Psychological inflexibility was significantly higher across a range of current and lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders as well as lifetime history of eating disorders, relative to students with no disorder, even after controlling for general psychological distress. Findings were mixed for substance use disorders, with a more consistent pattern for lifetime history than for current disorders. Psychological inflexibility was also related to having comorbid depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders relative to only having one of these diagnoses. Results are discussed in relation to research on psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic pathological process and target for interventions. © 2014 Association for Contextual Behavioral Science.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 of 2 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The AAQ-II is a 7 item measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance.”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bond et al., 2011 source
The General Discussion says the authors retained the seven-item AAQ-II and describes it as a measure of psychological inflexibility. The Abstract identifies experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility as names for the construct it assesses. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AAQ-II was not significantly related to having any current substance use disorder or specifically alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or drug dependence.”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of AAQ-II to Depressive, Anxiety, Substance Use and Eating Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants with comorbid current depressive and anxiety disorders were significantly more psychologically inflexible than participants with only a current anxiety disorder”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of the AAQ-II to Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant effect for current comorbidity status after controlling for general psychological distress as a covariate (p = .37).”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of the AAQ-II to Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results from the current study provide preliminary support for this transdiagnostic theoretical model, particularly in the domain of depression and anxiety disorders, by demonstrating that individuals with a variety of specific psychological disorders report similarly elevated levels of psychological inflexibility.”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Discussion
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When examining lifetime history of disorders (any current or past disorder), participants were significantly more psychologically inflexible relative to the no lifetime disorder control group for any lifetime depressive, anxiety, substance use or eating disorder”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of AAQ-II to Depressive, Anxiety, Substance Use and Eating Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After controlling for the GHQ, participants with a current substance use disorder only continued to report significantly lower psychological inflexibility relative to participants with a depression/anxiety disorder only”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of the AAQ-II to Comorbid Substance Use and Depressive/Anxiety Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ANCOVA indicated significantly higher AAQ-II scores, after controlling for the GHQ, for the same psychological disorders except drug abuse and alcohol abuse.”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of AAQ-II to Depressive, Anxiety, Substance Use and Eating Disorders
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychological inflexibility was significantly higher across a range of current and lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders as well as lifetime history of eating disorders, relative to students with no disorder, even after controlling for general psychological distress.”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants with a current substance use disorder only reported significantly lower psychological inflexibility relative to participants with a comorbid current substance use and depressive/anxiety disorder”
§ Examining psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process across psychological disorders > Results > Relationship of the AAQ-II to Comorbid Substance Use and Depressive/Anxiety Disorders
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“EA has been found to predict anxiety disorders up to two years later (Spinhoven et al., 2014), to predict a range of specific anxiety disorders over and above general distress measures (e.g., Levin, MacLane, et al., 2014) and over and above other known predictors such as anxiety sensitivity (e.g., Gloster et al., 2013).”
From Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance (2017) · cites this paper as Levin, MacLane, et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PI was also found to relate to a range of both current and lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders in a clinical sample of young adults (17–20 years old; Levin et al., 2014).”
From Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the negative influence of psychological inflexibility, such as avoidance and cognitive fusion, was verified, further supporting the adaptive aspect of psychological flexibility”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy reduces psychological distress in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological inflexibility is a transdiagnostic dimension associated to psychological distress and poor mental health and quality of life.”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PI underlies a range of psychopathologies, including anxiety and mood disorders (Bluett et al., 2014; Levin et al., 2014)”
From Associations between psychological inflexibility processes, pre‐sleep arousal and sleep quality. (2025) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among university students, inflexibility has been found to be linked to academic procrastination and negative emotional states, such as stress, depression, and anxiety (Levin et al., 2014;Ruiz, 2014;Tavakoli, Broyles, Reid, Sandoval, & Correa-Fernández, 2019).”
From The effectiveness of a five-session workshop on the distress of international students in Finland – a pilot study. (2023) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“while lower psychological flexibility is well-documented to be associated with poorer coping and increased psychopathology (Kashdan et al., 2006; Levin et al., 2014; Woodruff et al., 2014).”
From ACTing towards better living during COVID-19: The effects of Acceptance and Commitment therapy for individuals affected by COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“psychological inflexibility as a transdiagnostic process has been described as a continuum or dimension that could contribute to most psychological disorders (Hayes et al., 2011), with a growing body of research increasingly supporting this parsimonious approach (Levin et al., 2014;Brown & Barlow, 2009).”
From Better living with illness: A transdiagnostic acceptance and commitment therapy group intervention for chronic physical illness (2016) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psychological inflexibility has been described as a relevant transdiagnostic process linked to the onset and maintenance of an extensive variety of psychological problems (Levin et al., 2014; Masuda et al., 2014.”
From Psychological inflexibility in university students: the european portuguese version of the acceptance and action questionnaire—university students (2023) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which corroborates the theoretical model of psychological inflexibility (Levin et al., 2014)”
From Psychological inflexibility in university students: the european portuguese version of the acceptance and action questionnaire—university students (2023) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance are theorized to contribute to the development, maintenance and exacerbation of a broad range of psychological problems (Levin et al., 2014), including insomnia.”
From Psychological inflexibility as a predictor associated with insomnia (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression) and insomnia in this study supports the premise that inflexibility is a transdiagnostic process that can occur in different disorders (Levin et al., 2014).”
From Psychological inflexibility as a predictor associated with insomnia (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ACT assumes that just as psychological inflexibility leads to suffering, regardless of diagnosis, so the promotion of psychological flexibility leads to improvement, regardless of diagnosis.”
From Increasing psychological flexibility is associated with positive therapy outcomes following a transdiagnostic ACT treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of a study conducted by Levin etal. (2014) suggest that psychological inflexibility is associated with several disorders such as anxiety and depression.”
From Mapping acceptance and commitment therapy outcomes in the context of infertility: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al. (2014)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, PI has been associated with multiple mental health disorders (Levin et al., 2014).”
From Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample (2024) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“while psychological inflexibility is regarded a transdiagnostic process common to numerous psychopathological states.15”
From Feasibility randomised controlled trial of online group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Functional Cognitive Disorder (ACT4FCD) (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, psychological inflexibility is considered an important transdiagnostic factor of mental illness (8).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy in a psychiatric day hospital—A longitudinal naturalistic effectiveness trial (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psychological inflexibility is a transdiagnostic concept explaining numerous psychopathological processes 26 .”
From The effect of psychological inflexibility on health-related quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients with chronic tinnitus without hearing loss (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psychological inflexibility leads people to avoid negative internal thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations by controlling their behavior, at the expense of more meaningful actions.”
From The Mediating Role of Psychological Inflexibility in the Relationship Between Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Eating in Adult Individuals With Obesity (2022) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a widely researched and empirically sustained transdiagnostic approach to behavior change (e.g., [18, 34–36])”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, our results are congruent with earlier ACT-based studies reporting positive outcomes in general student (e.g.Grégoire et al., 2018;Levin et al., 2014Levin et al., , 2016Levin et al., , 2020;;Räsänen et al., 2016) as well as in international student populations (Muto et al., 2011;Xu et al., 2020).”
From The effectiveness of a five-session workshop on the distress of international students in Finland – a pilot study. (2023) · cites this paper as Levin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(2, 153) = 5.95reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(2, 153) = 5.95, p = .003”
- ConsistentF(2, 382) = 8.15reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 382) = 8.15, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 379) = 7.54reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 379) = 7.54, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 193) = 8.62reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 193) = 8.62, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 191) = 8.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 191) = 8.26, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 437) = 7.43reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 437) = 7.43, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 434) = 5.94reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(2, 434) = 5.94, p = .003”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
An effect size of .08 is labeled small despite the paper's stated threshold
MinorThe paper defines partial η2 of .06 as a medium effect, but later describes a range extending to .08 as small.
“Small effect sizes for diagnostic status effects ranged from partial η2 values of .01 and .08 when controlling for the GHQ.”
“Partial η2 effect sizes from ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses were interpreted using conventions from Cohen (1988): small effect for η2p = .01, medium effect = .06, large effect = .14.”
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 1×
“Considering that comorbid presentations tend to be linked to more severe impairment (Kessler et al., 2005) and are more difficult to treat (Beaulieu et al., 2012), this has potential implications for treatment development and suggests targeting psychological inflexibility may be particularly…”
BackgroundKessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · cited 1×
“Considering that comorbid presentations tend to be linked to more severe impairment (Kessler et al., 2005) and are more difficult to treat (Beaulieu et al., 2012), this has potential implications for treatment development and suggests targeting psychological inflexibility may be particularly…”
BackgroundAcceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · cited 1×
“Consistent with this view, psychological inflexibility has been found to be functionally related to a range of problems including many of the major psychological disorders (Hayes et al., 2006), such as mood and anxiety disorders (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950 · cited 8×
“The mean AAQ-II score was 18.71 (SD¼7.70) out of a possible range from 7 to 49 (higher scores indicating greater inflexibility), which is comparable to AAQ-II scores found in other non-clinical and college student samples (Bond et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595 · cited 1×
“Although the form of problematic behaviors differs across disorders, many of these can be conceptualized as sharing common psychological functions (Hayes et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8 · Cited by 3,374 · cited 1×
“Much of this research has focused on particular subsets of disorders, however, such as eating disorders (Fairburn et al., 2003) or anxiety disorders (Norton & Philipp, 2008).”
BackgroundHasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 · Cited by 2,908
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 401
Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J., & Smith, G. S. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9583-5 · Cited by 16
Self-citationAcceptance and Commitment Therapy for a Child With Misophonia: A Case Study
Petersen, J. M., & Twohig, M. P. (2023) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501221126136 · Cited by 16
“Psychological inflexibility is defined by rigid and/or unhelpful responses to thoughts, feelings, or other internal experiences, as opposed to behavior guided by values or personal meaning (Levin et al., 2014).”
A network analysis of psychological flexibility, coping, and stigma in dermatology patients
Vasiliou, V. S., Russell, H., Cockayne, S., Coelho, G. L. D. H., & Thompson, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1075672 · Cited by 27
“, when others impose stigmatized attitudes) can reduce stigma-related distress and improves daily functioning (34, 51, 68).”
BackgroundPsychological processes linking problematic smartphone use to sleep disturbance in young adults
Peltz, J. S., Bodenlos, J. S., Kingery, J. N., & Abar, C. C. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.05.005 · Cited by 18
Evaluating the empirical evidence for three transdiagnostic mechanisms in anxiety and mood disorders
Im, S., & Kahler, J. (2020) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1828252 · Cited by 23
“…avoidant behavior (e.g., repeatedly avoiding a situation that elicits anxiety when such behavior limits one’s life choices) has been suggested as a transdiagnostic risk factor that cuts across multiple diagnostic categories (Hayes, Pistorello, & Levin, 2012; Hayes et al., 2006; Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDrake, C. E., Masuda, A., Dalsky, D. J., Stevens, K. T., Kramer, S. L., Primeaux, S., Muto, T., & Mitamura, T. (2018) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-018-9342-2 · Cited by 17
Kohtala, A., Muotka, J., & Lappalainen, R. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.03.003 · Cited by 16
Hekmati, I., Ranjbar, H. A., & HajiSaghati, R. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.05.004 · Cited by 14
An examination of the role of psychological inflexibility in hoarding using multiple mediator models
Ong, C. W., Krafft, J., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.2.97 · Cited by 15
“Psychological inflexibility has been linked to a wide range of psychological disorders (e.g., Levin et al., 2014) including anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (Bluett, Homan, Morrison, Levin, & Twohig, 2014).”
Self-citationWhy We Are Not Acting to Save Ourselves: ACT, Health, and Culture
Rehfeldt, R. A., & Tyndall, I. T. (2021) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-021-00592-6 · Cited by 16
Ben-Ari, A., Aloni, R., Ben-David, S., Benarroch, F., & Margalit, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111699 · Cited by 16
Bielinski, L. L., Bur, O. T., Wälchli, G., Suter, J. M., Walsh, N., Kley, M. A., Krieger, T., & Berger, T. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100586 · Cited by 16
“Examples of transdiagnostic processes may include but are not limited to several cognitive and behavioral processes (Harvey et al., 2004), perfectionism (Egan et al., 2011), psychological inflexibility (Levin et al., 2014) and emotion regulation (Berking and Wupperman, 2012).”
Brandon, S., Pallotti, C., & Jog, M. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-020-09468-2 · Cited by 18
Psychological inflexibility as a predictor associated with insomnia
El Rafihi‐Ferreira, R., Linares, I. M. P., Paulos‐Guarnieri, L., & Zakiei, A. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14232 · Cited by 14
“The co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression) and insomnia in this study supports the premise that inflexibility is a transdiagnostic process that can occur in different disorders (Levin et al., 2014).”
InfluentialPoole, N., Cope, S., Vanzan, S., Duffus, A., Mantovani, N., Smith, J., Barrett, B. M., Tokley, M., Scicluna, M., Beardmore, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072366 · Cited by 14
Dougherty, E. N., Bottera, A. R., Haedt‐Matt, A. A., & Wildes, J. E. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24027 · Cited by 15
Thomas, E. B. K., Miller, M. L., Grekin, R., & O’Hara, M. W. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.11.005 · Cited by 14
Jin, X., Wong, C. L., Li, H., & Yao, W. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16339 · Cited by 15
Chen, Y., Zhu, Z., Lei, F., Lei, S., & Chen, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740575 · Cited by 16
Figueiredo, D. V., Alves, F., & Vagos, P. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04650-w · Cited by 13
“Accordingly, PI has been associated with multiple mental health disorders (Levin et al., 2014).”
Koushiou, M., Loutsiou-Ladd, A., & Karekla, M. (2020) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2020.1742259 · Cited by 14
“Conceptually this evidence highlights the importance of both cognitive and behavioral processes in the development of various forms of psychopathology (Hayes et al., 2006, 2004; Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultTorres-Fernández, G., Rodríguez‐Valverde, M., Reyes-Martín, S., & López, M. H. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070201 · Cited by 14
“many formally different psychological disorders [28].”
Ruisoto, P., Guerra, V., López-Núñez, C., Sánchez-Puertas, R. N., Paladines-Costa, M. B., & Pineda-Cabrera, N. J. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100322 · Cited by 20
“…or otherwise control their occurrence, despite their harmful consequences or at the expense of more effective and meaningful actions (Bond et al., 2011; Levin et al., 2014); and (3) Loneliness, that refers to the perception of mismatch between the quantity or quality of meaningful…”
Schneck, N., Herzog, S., Lu, J., Yttredahl, A. A., Ogden, R. T., Galfalvy, H., Burke, A. K., Stanley, B., Mann, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.002 · Cited by 13
Riordan, K. M., Simonsson, O., Frye, C. J., Vack, N. J., Sachs, J., Fitch, D., Goldman, R. I., Chiang, E. S., Dahl, C. J., Davidson, R. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000725 · Cited by 14
Vasiliou, V. S., Michaelides, M. P., Kasinopoulos, O., & Karekla, M. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000705 · Cited by 13
Jo, D., Spencer, S. D., & Masuda, A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01831-9 · Cited by 12
“Although the present study represents an initial step in understanding the relationships between resilience factors, such as engaged living and mindfulness, and negative behavioral health outcomes, such as depression, more research is needed examining these relationships within clinical populations (Brandon et al., 20…”
BackgroundPavlacic, J. M., Schulenberg, S. E., Witcraft, S. M., & Buchanan, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00274-2 · Cited by 14
Engle, J. L., & Follette, V. M. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.08.001 · Cited by 18
Orouji, F., Abdi, R., & Chalabianloo, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800041 · Cited by 13
Associations between psychological inflexibility processes, pre‐sleep arousal and sleep quality.
Mastin‐Purcell, L., Richdale, A. L., Lawson, L. P., & Morris, E. M. J. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12584 · Cited by 12
“Psychological inflexibility (PI) is a transdiagnostic factor involving rigid behaviour patterns aimed at controlling unwanted thoughts, feelings or emotions which come at the cost of engaging in more effective, values-driven behaviour (Levin et al., 2014).”
Jo, D., Yang, Y., & Yang, E. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10534-5 · Cited by 12
“Given the relevance of PF to the comorbid - ity of depression and anxiety (Levin et al., 2014) as well as the potential insights that network approaches can provide, this field requires further exploration.”
Khazraee, H., Bakhtiari, M., Kianimoghadam, A. S., & Ghorbanikhah, E. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2022.2160257 · Cited by 15
“Another potential mechanism underlying the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of depression is psychological inflexibility (Hayes et al., 1999; Levin et al., 2014; Paulus et al., 2016).”
BackgroundJo, D., Goh, P. K., Lin, S. L., Spencer, S. D., & Masuda, A. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100766 · Cited by 12
Xu, Y., Song, J., Ren, Y., Barnhart, W. R., Dixit, U., Ji, F., Chen, C., & He, J. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101899 · Cited by 12
Yorulmaz, E. (2020) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2019.00062 · Cited by 12
“Based on the extant literature, stress, emotion regulation, and psychological flexibility might represent a feature of psychopathology in general rather than being specific to PIU (19,40,41,42).”
BackgroundDaily changes in state emotion regulation abilities predict positive and negative affect
Pavlacic, J. M., Witcraft, S. M., Dixon, L. J., Buchanan, E. M., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.006 · Cited by 13
The Role of Men’s Sexual Beliefs on Sexual Function/Dysfunction: A Systematic Review
Moura, C. V., Vasconcelos, P. A., Carrito, M. L., Tavares, I. M., Teixeira, P., & Nobre, P. J. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2218352 · Cited by 12
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Critical Review to Guide Clinical Decision Making
Levin, M. E., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2017) · Treatments for Psychological Problems and Syndromes · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch27 · Cited by 12
Cultural adaptation of ACT to support caregivers of autistic Latino children: A pilot study
Cañón, L. F., Gould, E. R., Sandoz, E. K., Moran, O., & Grimaldi, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.03.003 · Cited by 11
An, R., Qian, G., Mumtaz, A., Alotaibi, K. A., & Wang, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29313-7 · Cited by 37
“Similarly, Levin et al. (2014) 36 found that psychological flexibility enhanced self-regulation, allowing students to stay motivated in the face of academic challenges.”
Lee, J. Y. S., Whittingham, K., & Mitchell, A. E. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104343 · Cited by 14
Cognitive and Behavioral Inflexibility as a Transdiagnostic Process Underpinning Exercise Dependence
Miller, M. L., & Hormes, J. M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00802-4 · Cited by 11
Disentangling trait and state psychological inflexibility: A longitudinal multilevel approach
Klimczak, K. S., Schwartz, S. E., Donahue, M. L., Capel, L. K., Snow, J. L., & Levin, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.05.006 · Cited by 11
Self-citationRutschmann, R., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N., & Richter, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1052874 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, psychological inflexibility is considered an important transdiagnostic factor of mental illness (8).”
BackgroundYuyan, Y., Jiaqi, L., Ting, W., Juan, X., Jinfeng, W., & Jing, L. (2025) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102862 · Cited by 11
Thomas, E. B. K., Sagorac Gruichich, T., Maronge, J. M., Hoel, S., Victory, A., Stowe, Z. N., & Cochran, A. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/43065 · Cited by 9
“One such process is psychological flexibility, defined as the ability to engage in behavior that is consistent with one’s values even when challenged or distressed [25,26].”
The role of clinical perfectionism and psychological flexibility in distress and wellbeing
Nguyen, H., & Morris, E. M. J. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2362440 · Cited by 15
Barrado‐Moreno, V., Serrano‐Ibáñez, E. R., Esteve, R., Ramírez‐Maestre, C., & Sánchez‐Meca, J. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01468-4 · Cited by 13
Validation of the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ) in adults with cardiovascular disease and risk
Kibbey, M. M., DiBello, A. M., Babu, A. A., & Farris, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.006 · Cited by 11
Berman, B. M., & Kurlancheek, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758356 · Cited by 11
Parfait, B., Sease, T. B., & Sandoz, E. K. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.12.005 · Cited by 11
Galhardo, A., Cunha, M., Monteiro, B., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.006 · Cited by 11
Mendes, A. L., Coimbra, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Ferreira, C. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01233-1 · Cited by 10
Edwards, K. A., & Vowles, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.05.003 · Cited by 8
Masuda, A., Barile, J. P., Spencer, S. D., Juberg, M., Martin, T. J., & Vibell, J. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1759607 · Cited by 9
“Recent studies have shown the applicability of the CBS model of behavioral health to college students.(11,12,31) In congruence with this CBS account, the present findings suggest that psychological inflexibility is a useful concept for understanding general distress, somatization, depression, and anxiety.”
BackgroundDingle, T., Flowers, J., & Bowen, S. W. (2023) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2023.2261915 · Cited by 10
“Emotion dysregulation and psychological inflexibility are broadly related to psychological issues (Hu et al., 2014; Levin et al., 2014), and previous research has found both to play a role in externalizing behaviors (Dutra & Sadeh, 2018; Garofalo & Velotti, 2017).”
BackgroundKwan, Y. K., Lau, Y., Ang, W. W., & Lau, S. T. (2024) · Nicotine and Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad145 · Cited by 9
Psychosocial dimensions of hand transplantation: lessons learned from solid organ transplantation
Smith, P. J., & Cendales, L. C. (2019) · Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation · doi:10.1097/mot.0000000000000712 · Cited by 10
“At its core, psychological inflexibility is a pattern by which behavior is excessively controlled by one’s thoughts and feelings [76,77].”
BackgroundRitzert, T. R., Brodt, M., Kelly, M. M., Menard, W. E., & Phillips, K. A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10069-0 · Cited by 8
“Avoidance of emotionally-distressing situations appears to be a key maintenance process across various mental health problems, contributing to worse psychosocial functioning for individuals diagnosed with anxiety- and mood-related disorders (Chawla and Ostafin 2007; Kashdan et al. 2006, 2009; Levin et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMiniguano–Trujillo, A., Salazar, F., Torres, R., Arias, P. R., & Sotomayor-Enriquez, K. (2021) · Health Care Management Science · doi:10.1007/s10729-020-09543-z · Cited by 9
“In addition, experiential avoidance is a trans-diagnostic variable in anxiety and depression [44].”
BackgroundFaulkner, J. W., Snell, D. L., & Theadom, A. (2022) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2022.2109747 · Cited by 13
“of psychological mechanisms is psychological flexibility (32).”
Kuru, T., & Şahin, C. (2023) · Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20221142 · Cited by 8
Fang, S., Ding, D., Huang, M., & Zheng, Q. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100769 · Cited by 8
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach for Problematic Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Strika-Bruneau, L., Karila, L., Amirouche, A., Fauvel, B., & Benyamina, A. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.05.002 · Cited by 8
Zeas-Sigüenza, A., Oliveira, S. M., Ferreira, C., Ganho-Ávila, A., Vagos, P., & Ruisoto, P. (2023) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.5093/anyes2023a3 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, the set of processes involved in psychological (in)flexibility are transdiagnostic in nature and are relevant across a wide range of mental health problems, including, but not limited, to loneliness (Wojnarowska et al., 2020; Levin et al., 2014).”
Background"Comprehensive Assessment of ACT Processes CompACT. Romanian Adaptation and Short Form Validation"
Călinici, M. S., & Călinici, T. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.2.19 · Cited by 8
Ong, C. W., & Eustis, E. H. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550076.013.7 · Cited by 16
Shi, C., Chen, W., Huang, J., & Ren, Z. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231186111 · Cited by 9
“Psychological in fl exibility has been proposed as a transdiagnostic pathological process (Faustino, 2021; Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundExploring an Implicit Measure of Acceptance and Experiential Avoidance of Anxiety
Drake, C. E., Timko, C. A., & Luoma, J. B. (2016) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0186-z · Cited by 8
Sánchez-Puertas, R. N., Ruisoto, P., López-Núñez, C., & Vaca, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.784896 · Cited by 13
Hinss, M. F., Brock, A., & Roy, R. N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279021 · Cited by 8
“Research has shown deficits in cognitive flexibility associated with Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, attention deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Depression [35,36] The results of this study may also help understand the impact the pathologies have on the lives of those affected, in the context of cognitive…”
BackgroundIdentifying Central Negative Thoughts Using Experience Sampling and Network Analysis
Marian, Ș., & Sava, F. A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10400-w · Cited by 10
A transdiagnostic examination of affective motivations for drug use
Miglin, R., Bounoua, N., Spielberg, J. M., & Sadeh, N. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100279 · Cited by 8
Cojocaru, C.-M., Popa, C. O., Schenk, A., Jakab, Z., Suciu, B. A., Olah, P., Popoviciu, H., & Szasz, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040327 · Cited by 7
“This approach targets psychological inflexibility as a common process involved in the onset of psychological disorders associated with chronic pain, including cognitive fusion, experiential and behavioral avoidance [41–43].”
BackgroundClemente-Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Mendoza-Castejón, D., Rodríguez-Besteiro, S., López-Varas, F., & Martín-Rodríguez, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11070851 · Cited by 7
“The development, maintenance, and exacerbation of a diverse array of psychological issues have been hypothesized to be influenced by psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance [35,36].”
BackgroundPreliminary validation and reliability assessment of a 10-item Tacting of Function Scale
Pierce, B. G., & Levin, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.01.002 · Cited by 7
Self-citationReilly, E. D., Wolkowicz, N. R., Heapy, A. A., MacLean, R. R., Duarte, B. A., Chamberlin, E. S., Harris, J. I., Shirk, S. D., & Kelly, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173641 · Cited by 8
“, 2009) and have led many researchers to view it as a transdiagnostic protective factor (e.g., Kashdan and Rottenberg, 2010; Levin et al., 2014; Kroska et al., 2020; Pakenham et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKabakcı, B., & Traş, Z. (2024) · Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.38151/akef.2024.128 · Cited by 8
Bibliometric Mapping of Psychological Flexibility Research: Trends and Future Directions
Wider, W., Pang, N. T. P., Lin, J., Fauzi, M. A., Jiang, L., & Tanucan, J. C. M. (2024) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125241253946 · Cited by 7
“In addition, Levin et al. (2014) investigated psychological rigidity as a transdiagnostic process across various psychological disorders, highlighting its potential as a unifying intervention target.”
Fang, S., Huang, M., Ding, D., & Zheng, Q. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100805 · Cited by 7
Lee, S. W., Lee, S. J., & Choi, M. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2024.0209 · Cited by 9
Meda, N., Baggio, M., Collantoni, E., & Sambataro, F. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.01.009 · Cited by 8
Fogelkvist, M., Parling, T., Kjellin, L., & Gustafsson, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.04.006 · Cited by 7
Building a Bridge Between Spirituality/Religion with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Yavuz, O. (2022) · Spiritual Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.174 · Cited by 7
Una mirada contextual al edadismo
Horrillo, A. C., Valdivia‐Salas, S., & Páez, M. (2024) · Análisis y Modificación de Conducta · doi:10.33776/amc.v50i182.8064 · Cited by 10
Radyani, A. M., Indra, G. H., & Oriza, I. I. D. (2022) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v7i1.10210 · Cited by 7
“The results are consistent with prior research [48], [41], [45], indicating that psychological inflexibility may significantly facilitate the development of distress in various contexts [59, [16], including COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundResultIncremental validity of acceptance over coping in predicting adjustment to endometriosis
Bernini, O., Tumminaro, G., Compare, L., Belviso, C., Conforti, V., & Montiel, C. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.928985 · Cited by 10
Herreen, D., Rice, S., & Zajac, I. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.007 · Cited by 8
Galhardo, A., Neto, M., Monteiro, B., Massano-Cardoso, I., Ferreira, C., & Cunha, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04174-9 · Cited by 8
“These two factors showed a strong correlation which corroborates the theoretical model of psychological inflexibility (Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultMoving From Moral Distress to Moral Resilience Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Nishikawara, R. K., & Maynes, T. D. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Career Development · doi:10.53379/cjcd.2023.350 · Cited by 7
Self-Compassion As A Mediator of The Relationship Between Psychological Inflexibility and Resilience
Büyüköksüz, E., & Tekin, I. (2023) · Spiritual Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.37898/spiritualpc.1276031 · Cited by 11
“They are positively related to psychopathology (e.g., Masuda & Tully, 2012) and psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems (e.g., Levin et al., 2014), but negatively related to positive psychological health variables, such as gratitude, enjoyment, happiness, and psychological well-being…”
BackgroundSong, H., & Lee, D.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010645 · Cited by 7
Žuljević, D., Rakočević, N., & Krnetić, I. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi191015006z · Cited by 8
“Although higher levels of experiential avoidance have been associated with higher risks of many forms of psychopathology (Levin et al., 2014), the potential of the AAQ–II in discriminating clinical and nonclinical samples has not been adequately demonstrated (Karekla & Michaelides, 2017; Tyndall et…”
BackgroundFang, S., Ding, D., & Huang, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01318-9 · Cited by 7
“…such as thoughts, emotions, and physiological sensations, despite resulting in behavioral harm that is incongruent with one’s personal values and objectives, and it is one of the core constructs of psychological inflexibility and can be used as an example of psychological inflexibility [14, 18].”
BackgroundLandi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Cattivelli, R., Golfieri, L., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06008-2 · Cited by 6
“The acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) framework posits PI as a transdiagnostic factor that plays a role in the onset and maintenance of various mental health problems (Levin et al., 2014).”
Büyüköksüz, E. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100864 · Cited by 7
The role of psychological flexibility in palliative care
Martin, C. L., & Pakenham, K. I. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.05.004 · Cited by 6
Baluku, M. M., Nansubuga, F., Kibanja, G., Ouma, S., Balikoowa, R., Nansamba, J., Ruto, G. C., Kawooya, K., & Musanje, K. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.05.002 · Cited by 6
“We particularly focus on psychological inflexibility, a vulnerability factor for psychological disorders (Levin et al., 2013; Paulus et al., 2016; Tanhan, 2019).”
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and humanistic psychotherapy: an integrative approximation
Sabucedo, P. (2019) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2019.1597016 · Cited by 7
“…ACT sees emotional and behavioural difficulties as arising from psychological inflexibility: the rigidity occurring when behaviour is overly controlled by one’s internal experiences, or by the avoidance of these experiences, at the expense of one’s chosen values in life (Levin et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Levin, M. E., MacLane, C., Daflos, S., Seeley, J. R., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Pistorello, J.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levin, Michael E.
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-163
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5650239
- OpenAlex
- W2033922058
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- psychological inflexibility, transdiagnostic mechanisms, depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, comorbidities, psychological distress, university students, behavioral inflexibility
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-24 (prompt extract-v1).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
