Single-Session Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Patients with Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Chronic health conditions (CHCs) are costly and difficult to manage. Patients often struggle with behavioral adherence to complex treatment regimens and experience psychiatric distress. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a transdiagnostic behavioral approach that aims to improve functioning and quality of life (QoL), which are important treatment outcomes for this population. Preliminary efficacy of multi-session ACT in patients with CHCs has been demonstrated, and single-session ACT interventions have since been developed to increase feasibility, acceptability, and accessibility. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the literature on single-session ACT intervention studies in CHC populations with regards to (1) study design and methodology, (2) patient characteristics and conditions targeted, and (3) efficacy for outcomes across various domains, using narrative and quantitative methods.Methods PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched in August 2020. Studies of single-session ACT interventions in adult patients with CHCs that reported quantitative outcomes in any of the following domains were included: (a) functioning and related domains (e.g., disability, QoL, well-being); (b) mental health; (c) physical health; (d) ACT processes. Both controlled and uncontrolled studies were included. Study quality was assessed using the Psychotherapy Outcome Study Methodology Rating Scale (POMRF). Between-group random effects meta-analysis was conducted on general functioning outcomes.Results Fourteen manuscripts reporting outcomes from 13 studies (N = 793) met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were identified by their authors as pilot or feasibility trials. Eight studies used comparison or control groups. Twelve studies delivered the ACT content in workshop format. Studies recruited for a variety of conditions. Narrative review found that between- and within-group effect sizes showed generally positive results favoring single-session ACT overall (69%), especially for measures of functioning and related domains (88%), mental health (67%), and ACT processes (73%). Meta-analysis found that ACT did not significantly outperform comparison groups on measures of general functioning (Hedges' g: -0.51, 95% confidence interval: [-1.19, 0.16]; I 2 = 86%; K = 5) despite a medium-sized pooled effect.Discussion Use of single-session ACT interventions in CHC populations is an emergent field. There is preliminary evidence for the acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of these interventions, which provides support for further testing in fully-powered RCTs. Additional RCTs will enable larger meta-analyses and stronger conclusions about efficacy. Recommendations for future trials are provided.
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The use of a PB-CBT approach facilitates the integration of multiple processes at the same time, including cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance and dysfunctional behaviors.
“Furthermore, the use of a PB-CBT approach facilitates the integration of multiple processes at the same time, including cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance and dysfunctional behaviors [57].”
From A Single-Session Process-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Combined with Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment for Chronic Pain Associated with Emotional Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
The paper’s Discussion (page unavailable) describes ACT as a third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapy whose processes can be applied flexibly to overlapping issues, including attachment to thoughts, avoidance, and unhealthy coping behaviors. It does not identify this as a PB-CBT approach or establish that the processes are integrated at the same time. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn chronic health conditions, the application of SSI with an average duration of 5.5 h using a transdiagnostic, process-based framework was associated with moderate improvements in functional measures, anxiety, depression and psychological inflexibility processes.
“In chronic health conditions, the application of SSI with an average duration of 5.5 h, using a transdiagnostic, process-based framework was associated with moderate improvements related to functional measures, anxiety, depression and psychological inflexibility processes [57].”
From A Single-Session Process-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Combined with Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment for Chronic Pain Associated with Emotional Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncluding a measure of valued action allows assessment of change in functioning, which is important in chronic health conditions and congruent with the a priori goals of ACT.
“Moreover, in including a measure of valued action, it will be possible to assess change in functioning which is important in populations living with chronic health conditions and arguably more congruent with the a priori goals of ACT [24,92].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The paper’s Discussion (page unavailable) says ACT targets improved functioning aligned with personal values, particularly for people with chronic health conditions. Its Results (page unavailable) classify values-consistent behavior as an ACT process outcome, however, and do not establish that a measure of valued action assesses change in functioning. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA review published after study 1 suggested that single-session ACT interventions are highly acceptable, feasible, and potentially effective for a variety of chronic health conditions.
“Moreover, a review published after the completion of study 1 suggested that single-session ACT interventions are highly acceptable, feasible, and potentially effective for a variety of chronic health conditions [92].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The review’s Discussion describes preliminary evidence for the acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of single-session ACT across chronic health conditions. The Results report generally positive feedback, but only five of ten pilot or feasibility studies reported such feedback; calling the interventions “highly” acceptable and feasible is stronger than the review’s conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the reviewed studies, the modal hours of ACT delivered were five, with intervention lengths ranging from two to eight hours.
“Of note, the modal hours of ACT delivered by the reviewed studies were five, with intervention lengths ranging from two to eight hours (relative to approximately two hours in study 1).”
The intervention functioned to decrease stress and increase functioning and is congruent with previous research on brief ACT interventions.
“Given this, we suggest that the intervention functioned to decrease stress and increase functioning and is congruent with previous research on brief ACT interventions [34,35,92].”
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- Authors
- Dochat, C., Wooldridge, J. S., Herbert, M. S., Lee, M. W., & Afari, N.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Afari, Niloofar
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 20
- Pages
- 52-69
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8045767
- OpenAlex
- W3135851414
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIDDK
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, single-session intervention, chronic disease, quality of life, functioning, mental health, physical health, feasibility and acceptability, medication adherence, psychiatric distress, transdiagnostic psychotherapy, disability, well-being, effect size, meta-analysis of effect sizes
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