Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data
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Recent LCAs for natural and synthetic graphite reported values of 9.6 and 20.6 kg CO2-eq kg-1, respectively, which are much higher than earlier-reported numbers.
“Recent LCAs for natural and synthetic graphite reported values of 9.6 (Engels et al., 2022) and 20.6 (Surovtseva et al., 2022) kg CO 2 -eq kg -1 , respectively, which are much higher than earlier-reported numbers.”
From Think global act local: The dependency of global lithium-ion battery emissions on production location and material sources (2024) · cites this paper as Engels et al., 2022
Graphite and nickel laterite are known to drive the carbon footprint of batteries.
“However, as both materials are known to drive the CF of batteries5,24,34, it was decided to include their emission ranges in the battery CF Monte Carlo simulation based on country-specific secondary literature.”
From Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The production of battery-grade raw materials contributes substantially to the carbon footprint of LIBs (e.g., 5%-15% for lithium and about 10% for graphite).
“The production of battery-grade raw materials also contributes substantially to the carbon footprint of LIBs (e.g., 5%-15% for lithium and about 10% for graphite).”
From Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Synthetic and natural graphite have the highest on-site electricity consumption, at 36 and 8.7 kWh kg−1, respectively, primarily due to electrified high-temperature processes like graphitization (3,000 C) and coating (1,300 C).
“Synthetic and natural graphite have the highest on-site electricity consumption, at 36 and 8.7 kWh kg 1 , respectively, primarily due to electrified high-temperature processes like graphitization (3,000 C) and coating (1,300 C).”
From Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Engels, P., Cerdas, F., Dettmer, T., Frey, C., Hentschel, J., Herrmann, C., Mirfabrikikar, T., & Schueler, M.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- Volkswagen Group (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Engels, Philipp
- Venue
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 336
- Pages
- 130474
- ISSN
- 0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4205540374
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
- Keywords
- natural graphite, lithium-ion battery anodes, graphite production, life cycle inventory, primary data, global warming potential, greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicles, battery materials, data gaps, Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, cradle-to-gate emissions
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