Multiple cues in social perception: The time course of processing race and facial expression
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the time course of race and expression processing to determine how these cues influence early perceptual as well as explicit categorization judgments. Despite their importance in social perception, little research has examined how social category information and emotional expression are processed over time. Moreover, although models of face processing suggest that the two cues should be processed independently, this has rarely been directly examined. Event-related brain potentials were recorded as participants made race and emotion categorization judgments of Black and White men posing either happy, angry, or neutral expressions. Our findings support that processing of race and emotion cues occur independently and in parallel, relatively early in processing.
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N2 amplitudes are sensitive to social and emotional manipulations, showing an own-race effect with more negative amplitudes for in-group compared with out-group faces.
“Importantly, N2 amplitudes are also sensitive to social and emotional manipulations, revealing for example an “own-race effect” with more negative N2 amplitudes for in-group compared with outgroup faces (Ito & Bartholow, 2009;Ito & Urland, 2003, 2005;Kubota & Ito, 2007;Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach, 2004).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Kubota & Ito, 2007
More negative N2 amplitudes are reported for happy compared with angry facial expressions.
“In addition, more negative N2 amplitudes were reported for happy compared with angry facial expressions (Kubota & Ito, 2007).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Kubota & Ito, 2007
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- Authors
- Kubota, J. T., & Ito, T. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kubota, Jennifer T.
- ORCID
- Kubota, Jennifer T.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 738-752
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2031842
- OpenAlex
- W2141177590
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Ford Foundation
- University of Colorado Boulder
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071257)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- facial expression processing, emotion classification, social perception, time course of processing, parallel computing, early perceptual processing, event-related potentials
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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