Oxytocin modulates the racial Bias in neural responses to others' suffering
Abstract
The intergroup relationship between a perceiver and a target person influences empathic neural responses to others' suffering, which are increased for racial in-group members compared to out-group members. The current study investigated whether oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide that has been linked to empathic concern and in-group favoritism, contributes to the racial bias in empathic neural responses. Event-related brain potentials were recorded in Chinese male adults during race judgments on Asian and Caucasian faces expressing pain or showing a neutral expression after intranasal self-administration of OT or placebo. A fronto-central positive activity at 128-188 ms (P2) was of larger amplitude in response to the pain expressions compared with the neutral expressions of racial in-group members but not of racial out-group members. OT treatment increased this racial in-group bias in neural responses and resulted in its correlation with a positive implicit attitude toward racial in-group members. Our findings suggest that OT interacts with the intergroup relationship to modulate empathic neural responses to others' suffering.
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Intranasal administration of OT (vs. placebo) in humans enhanced both empathic neural responses to ingroup pain and individuals' contributions to ingroup payoffs.
“Likewise, intranasal administration of OT (vs. placebo) in humans enhanced both empathic neural responses to ingroup pain (Sheng et al., 2013) and individuals’ contributions to ingroup payoffs (De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu, 2010).”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as Sheng et al., 2013
The oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating multiple social emotions that are either positively or negatively related to social behaviors.
“Increasing evidence suggests that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating multiple social emotions that are either positively (e.g., empathy, Sheng et al., 2013) or negatively (e.g., schadenfreude, Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) related to social behaviors.”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as Sheng et al., 2013
Oxytocin can promote aversive avoidance behavior by increasing envy and schadenfreude, ethnocentrism, group-serving dishonesty, and noncooperation.
“it can also promote aversive avoidance behavior by increasing envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (e.g., trust and empathy; De Dreu et al., 2010; Sheng et al., 2013), group-serving dishonesty (Shalvi and De Dreu, 2014), and noncooperation (Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Sheng et al., 2013
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“…that a neural peptide, i.e., oxytocin that serves as both hormone and neurotransmitter, may be engaged in racial in-group bias in empathic neural responses because oxytocin vs. placebo treatments increased the racial in-group bias in neural responses to others' suffering (Sheng et al., 2013).”
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“Likewise, intranasal administration of OT (vs. placebo) in humans enhanced both empathic neural responses to ingroup pain (Sheng et al., 2013) and individuals’ contributions to ingroup payoffs (De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu, 2010).”
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“…fear and anxiety (Kirsch et al., 2005), increases trust (Kosfeld et al., 2005), reduces xenophobic outgroup rejection (Marsh et al., 2017), increases monogamous behavior (Scheele et al., 2012), increases empathy (Sheng et al., 2013) and conformity with in-group members (Stallen et al., 2012).”
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Septal oxytocin administration impairs peer affiliation via V1a receptors in female meadow voles
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“…on a variety of factors including social target (group member versus perceived outsider), prior history, sex, and target region within the brain (see Beery, 2015 for review; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Declerck et al., 2014; Goodson and Thompson, 2010; Scheele et al., 2014; Sheng et al., 2013).”
Oxytocin has ‘tend-and-defend’ functionality in group conflict across social vertebrates
Triki, Z., Daughters, K., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0137 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Similarly, Chinese males had a frontocentral positive activity of larger amplitude in response to the pain expressions of in-group (Asian targets) but not out-group members (Caucasian targets), especially following intranasal administration of oxytocin rather than placebo [89] (also [90]).”
BackgroundKwon, H., & Sasaki, J. Y. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108562140 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dissociated Neural Representations of Pain Expressions of Different Races
Feng, S., Han, X., & Han, S. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu314 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial bias in empathy: Do we process dark- and fair-colored hands in pain differently? An EEG study
Fabi, S., & Leuthold, H. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.024 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Finally, studies presenting a set of facial expression stimuli found for own- compared to other-race faces a larger enhancement of the frontocentral P2 amplitude (128–188ms) to painful than neutral expressions in a race judgment task (Sheng et al., 2013; Sheng and Han, 2012), in a pain judgment task (Li et al.”
Mortality salience enhances racial in-group bias in empathic neural responses to others' suffering
Li, X., Liu, Y., Luo, S., Wu, B., Wu, X., & Han, S. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.023 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These results replicate the previous ERP findings of modulations of brain activity by pain expression (Sheng and Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013; Huang and Han, 2014; Sessa et al., 2014), but were different from Sheng and Han's (2012) observation that the P2 and theN2 amplitude to pain expression did…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationA Novel Role of CD38 and Oxytocin as Tandem Molecular Moderators of Human Social Behavior
Tolomeo, S., Chiao, B., Lei, Z., Chew, S. H., & Ebstein, R. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Distinct effects of self-construal priming on empathic neural responses in Chinese and Westerners
Jiang, C., Varnum, M. E. W., Hou, Y., & Han, S. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.867899 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…to out-group members’ pain are significantly reduced compared to responses to ingroup members’ pain (Avenanti, Sirigu, & Aglioti, 2010; Hein, Silani, Preuschoff, Batson, & Singer, 2010; Sheng & Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013; Xu, Zuo, Wang, & Han, 2009; Sheng, Liu, Li, Fang, & Han, in press).”
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From Oxytocin to Compassion: The Saliency of Distress
Kucerova, B., Levit‐Binnun, N., Gordon, I., & Golland, Y. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12020183 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Self-citationPhysical coldness enhances racial in-group bias in empathy: Electrophysiological evidence
Luo, S., Han, X., Du, N., & Han, S. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, 2016) and responded to intranasal administration of oxytocin in different fashions (Sheng et al., 2013).”
Self-citationThe neuroscience of social class
Varnum, M. E. W., & Kitayama, S. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Role of Intranasal Oxytocin on Social Cognition: an Integrative Human Lifespan Approach
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The effect of emotional information from eyes on empathy for pain: A subliminal ERP study
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“Also, humans are sensitive to negative novelty stimuli [45], which captures much more attention and can be reflected by brain activity.”
BackgroundEmpathy and feedback processing in active and observational learning
Rak, N., Bellebaum, C., & Thoma, P. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0187-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Embodied neural responses to others’ suffering
Han, X., Luo, S., & Han, S. (2015) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2015.1053440 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“an observer and a target were of the same race than when they were of different races, replicating the racial ingroup bias in empathic neural responses (Sheng & Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLuo, S., Zhang, T., Li, W., Yu, M., Hein, G., & Han, S. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz029 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…potential measures by different research groups that tested Asian, white and black participants in Asia (Xu et al., 2009; Sheng and Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013, 2016; Li et al., 2015; Han et al., 2016), Europe (Avenanti et al., 2010; Azevedo et al., 2013; Sessa et al., 2014), North America…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDifferential neural activation to friends and strangers links interdependence to empathy
Meyer, M., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y.-N., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N., Lieberman, M. D., & Han, S.-H. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-014-0023-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…empathic processes are also susceptible to outgroup biases: empathic behavioral and neural processes are moderated by extreme ingroup/outgroup distinctions, such as racial (Avenanti et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2009; Sheng and Han 2012; Sheng et al. 2013) and rival (Hein et al. 2010) status.”
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Huang, S., & Han, S. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.934396 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“These results replicate the previous ERP findings (Decety et al., 2010; Fan & Han, 2008; Li & Han, 2010; Mu, Fan, Mao, & Han, 2008; Sheng & Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013), indicating that the amplitudes of neural activities in the P2 and N2 time windows are sensitive to perceived pain in others.”
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Oxytocin promotes attention to social cues regardless of group membership
Pfundmair, M., Zwarg, C., Paulus, M., & Rimpel, A. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases the social salience of the outgroup in potential threat contexts
do Egito, J. H. T., Nevat, M., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Osório, A. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104733 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of modulations of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others’ pain
Wu, T., & Han, S. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66043 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“ERP studies found that neural responses to pain expressions occurred as early as 130 ms after face onset over the frontal/central regions as indexed by the increased amplitude of a positive component at 128–188 ms (P2) in response to pain compared neutral expressions (Sheng and Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013; Sheng et…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKis, A., Kemerle, K., Hernádi, A., & Topál, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00532 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Further studies should reveal how the oxytocin system interacts with other factors (e.g., facial morphology— Oosterhof and Todorov, 2008; other race effect—O’Toole et al., 1994; Sheng et al., 2012) that influence subjects’ judgments about faces.”
BackgroundResultDegraded perceptual and affective processing of racial out-groups: An electrophysiological approach
Feng, S., Du, N., & Han, S. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1182944 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSchiller, B., Domes, G., & Heinrichs, M. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.109 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxytocin eliminates the own-race bias in face recognition memory
Blandón‐Gitlin, I., Pezdek, K., Saldivar, S., & Steelman, E. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Using measures of event-related brain potentials, Sheng et al. (2013) found greater neural response to in-group faces displaying pain expressions than neutral expressions.”
Balmuș, I.-M., Lefter, R. M., Ciobica, A. S., Antioch, I., Ababei, D. C., & Dobrin, R. (2018) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2018.91 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…based on its hormone and neuropeptide properties include several physiological reproductive processes modulation and some behavioral implications such as maternal instinct, social bonding and mating, empathy, and mood enhancement (van Leengoed et al. 1987, Bick & Dozier 2011, Sheng et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTrofimova, I. N., & Gaykalova, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781631 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Matheson, K., McQuaid, R. J., & Anisman, H. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oxytocin, Empathy and Human Enhancement
Lara, F. (2017) · THEORIA An International Journal for Theory History and Foundations of Science · doi:10.1387/theoria.17890 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Empathy in female submissive BDSM practitioners
Luo, S., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“occur as early as 100 ms after stimulus presentation and continue for approximately 1000 ms (Decety et al., 2010; Sheng and Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013; Han et al., 2016).”
Warlike and Peaceful Societies
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Self-citationOxytocin effects on self-referential processing: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence
Liu, Y., Wu, B., Wang, X., Li, W., Zhang, T., Wu, X., & Han, S. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx116 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…vs placebo treatments enhanced empathic neural responses to perceived pain expressions of racial ingroup members but not of racial outgroup members (Sheng et al., 2013) and increased pleasantness and neural responses in the insula, anterior cingulate, and orbital frontal cortex in heterosexual…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationIntranasal oxytocin decreases self-oriented learning
Liao, Z., Huang, L., & Luo, S. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05694-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“If the targets are objects determined or influenced by social context, such as other people (Sheng et al. 2013), or interaction processes between others and oneself (De Dreu et al.”
BackgroundThe Emerging (Social) Neuroscience of SES
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Empathy-based tolerance towards poor norm violators in third-party punishment
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Self-citationThe Cultural Neuroscience of Intergroup Bias
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-Phasic Model of xytocin (): A systematic conceptual review of oxytocin-related ERP research
Pehlivanoglu, D., Myers, E., & Ebner, N. C. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107917 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, 2013), other studies support that the processing stages may overlap and/or interact (Sheng et al., 2013; Ruissen & de Bruijn, 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, X., & Han, S.-H. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab027 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Similar interaction between perceived race and painful expression was observed in the previous ERP studies of empathy for pain (Sheng and Han, 2012; Sheng et al., 2013; Luo et al., 2018).”
ResultSelf-citationIntergroup Relationship and Empathy for Others’ Pain: A Social Neuroscience Approach
Han, S. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Sheng et al. ( 2013 ) fi rst replicated their previous fi nding in the placebo condition that the fronto-central P2 amplitude was greater to pain vs. neutral expressions racial in-group members but not of racial out-group members.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFeng, C., Zhou, X., Zhu, X., Zhu, R., Han, S., & Luo, Y. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104804 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal Unfolding of Racial Ingroup Bias in Neural Responses to Perceived Dynamic Pain in Others
Pang, C., Zhou, Y., & Han, S. (2023) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01102-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…facial expressions or painful/non-painful stimuli applied to body parts, researchers have shown that perceived race modulates the amplitudes of event-related potentials (ERPs) to painful ( vs neutral) expressions or painful ( vs non-painful) stimuli as early as 100 ms post-stimulus [14–19].”
Self-citationOxytocin modulates neural activity during early perceptual salience attribution
Santiago, A., Kosilo, M., Cogoni, C., Diogo, V. S., Jerónimo, R., & Prata, D. P. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106950 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Indeed, significant inOT effects have so far been found for trait judgement (of self and others) (Liu et al., 2013), in-vs. out-group membership (Herzmann et al., 2013), and during passive viewing (of houses and scenes) (Althaus et al., 2015, 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialResearch progress on the mechanisms of pain empathy
Liu, S., Wang, S., Yan, Y., Qin, B., Mao, Q., & Yuan, J. (2024) · Ibrain · doi:10.1002/ibra.12169 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Oxytocin is also thought to provide a fundamental biological basis for empathy, 72,73 since increasing evidence suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin enhances empathy (Table 2).”
Oxytocin in Human Social Network Cooperation
Han, X., & Ma, Y. (2024) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584241293366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Group membership modulates empathic neural responses to pain in deaf individuals
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The Effects of Same- and Other-Race Facial Expressions of Pain on Temporal Perception
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The influence of social pain experience on empathic neural responses: the moderating role of gender
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Oxytocin and vasopressin: the social networking buttons of the body
Mitra, A. K. (2021) · AIMS molecular science · doi:10.3934/molsci.2021003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, oxytocin has a more multifaceted role than exclusively enhancing prosocial behaviours [53].”
BackgroundFrom Parental Behavior to Sexual Function: Recent Advances in Oxytocin Research
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The Cultural Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status
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Dose-response effects of exogenous oxytocin on social cognition: A systematic review
Barton, S., Pruin, A., Schulze, J., Kiebs, M., Scheele, D., & Hurlemann, R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106350 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Sheng et al. (2013) administered 32 IU and found a significantly enhanced P200 amplitude ( d = 0.62) and decreased RTs ( d = 0.59) for in-group pain expressions, suggesting selective neural effects without corresponding behavioral improvements.”
InfluentialWu, T., Zheng, H., Zheng, G., Huo, T., & Han, S. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae248 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal and therapeutic perspectives on empathic pain: A rational insight
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Pills for Prejudice: Implicit Bias and Technical Fix for Racism
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Neural Empathic Response to Disability: an ERP Study of Prejudice
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Creative mindset reduces racial ingroup bias in empathic neural responses
Huo, T., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Han, S. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad303 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X., Liu, Q., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Fu, K., Lan, C., Xu, T., Zhou, X., Kendrick, K. M., Yao, D., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2520651122 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Specifically, the exogenous administration of OXT has demonstrated varied effects on physical pain empathy ( 30 , 40 – 43 ), with these effects being modulated by genetic variations ( 44 , 45 ).”
Effects of Oxytocin on Social Comparisons in Intergroup Situations
Kim, E. Y., Sul, S., Lee, M., Lim, K., Shin, N. Y., Kim, S. N., Kwon, J. S., & Kim, H. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Such an OXT-induced increase in social comparative decisions against out-group versus in-group members is consistent with previous findings on the role of OXT in in-group favoritism [20] and parochial altruism [23].”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., & Han, S.
- Affiliations
- Peking University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Han, Shihui
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 380-386
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982909081
- Semantic Scholar
- 87115e91dbfdb522fb277bb4a1a1598889f2a9b0
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 15.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Z111107067311058)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2010CB833903)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81161120539, 91024032, 30910103901)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- oxytocin, racial bias, empathic concern, pain perception, facial expressions of pain, in-group favoritism, intergroup relations, implicit attitudes, event-related potentials, P2 component, intranasal oxytocin, Chinese adults
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Double-Blind Method, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Empathy, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult, Racism
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