The microbiome in early life: Implications for health outcomes
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized how host genetics, prenatal environment and delivery mode can shape the newborn microbiome at birth. Following this, postnatal factors, such as antibiotic treatment, diet or environmental exposure, further modulate the development of the infant's microbiome and immune system, and exposure to a variety of microbial organisms during early life has long been hypothesized to exert a protective effect in the newborn. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that factors that alter bacterial communities in infants during childhood increase the risk for several diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding early-life microbiome composition. In this review, we describe how prenatal and postnatal factors shape the development of both the microbiome and the immune system. We also discuss the prospects of microbiome-mediated therapeutics and the need for more effective approaches that can reconfigure bacterial communities from pathogenic to homeostatic configurations.
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Infants delivered by cesarean section tend to be colonized by common skin bacteria and hospital-associated opportunistic pathogens, in contrast to the initial abundance of Lactobacillus spp. seen in vaginally delivered infants.
“Infants delivered by cesarean section (CS) tend to be colonized by common skin (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Propionibacteria) ( Tamburini et al., 2016) and opportunistic pathogens associated with the hospital environment (e.g., Enterococcus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella species) (Shao et al., 2019), in contrast to the initial abundance of Lactobacillus spp. (sensu lato) seen in infants”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Tamburini et al., 2016
The microbiome is highly dynamic during early life due to delivery mode, diet, and antibiotic exposure.
“The microbiome is highly dynamic during this period of life due to the influence of several host-related and environmental factors including delivery mode, diet and antibiotic exposure (Tamburini et al., 2016).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Tamburini et al., 2016
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that early life antibiotic exposure may increase the risk of developing immune-related illnesses in later life, such as asthma, eczema, and food allergies.
“Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that early life antibiotic exposure may increase the risk of developing immune related illnesses in later life, such as asthma, eczema and food allergies (Tamburini et al., 2016).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Tamburini et al., 2016
After birth, several factors influence GM composition in early life, including breastfeeding, nutrition, infection and antibiotic use, environmental stressors, and host genetics.
“After birth, several factors influence GM composition in early life, including breastfeeding, nutrition, infection and antibiotic use, environmental stressors, and host genetics (83).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
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- Authors
- Tamburini, S., Shen, N., Wu, H. C., & Clemente, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 713-722
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2470154003
- Cited by
- 1,213
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 153 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 7.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- infant microbiome, early-life microbiota, intrauterine environment, mode of delivery, host genetics, infant nutrition, environmental exposure, immune system development, microbial exposure, disease risk
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Autoimmune Diseases, Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Child, Preschool, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Periodontitis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Vaginosis, Bacterial, Probiotics, Delivery, Obstetric, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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